Table 4.

Strategies used by alcohol industry actors to influence road safety policies and programmes

Strategies	Detail
Coalition coupling and decoupling	Alcohol industry actors partner with an array of road safety and public health stakeholders, including international, governmental and NGOs. These partnerships involve joining or forming multi-stakeholder coalitions, providing financial support, giving technical assistance, creating ‘astroturf’ organizations and forming SAPROs (ID 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,15, 19, 21) (Stockwell and Crosbie, 2001; Institute for Alcohol Studies, 2002; Solomon et al., 2004; Worldwide Brewing Alliance, 2008; Anderson et al., 2009; Ogazi and Edison, 2012; Pernod Ricard 2012; 2016; Diageo 2013a,b; 2015a,b; 2018; Esser et al., 2016; IOGT International, 2018; McCambridge et al., 2018; Mialon and McCambridge, 2018 )
Information production and management	Alcohol industry actors are involved in research through recruiting scientists to carry out research, funding research directly or through a third party and conducting research itself; and through engaging in reputation management through CSR activities (ID 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) (Pinsky and Laranjeira 2004; Stockwell and Crosbie, 2001; Diageo 2013a; 2018; Mialon and McCambridge 2018; Robaina et al., 2018)
Direct involvement in policymaking	Industry is also directly involved in the road safety policymaking process at both the global and national levels (ID 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19) (Sugarman, 2009; Casswell and Thamarangsi, 2009; EUROCARE, 2014; UNITAR, 2016; Babor et al., 2018; McCambridge et al., 2018; Vital Strategies, 2018)
Implementation of interventions	The alcohol industry funds, supports and rolls out drink-driving interventions, including educational campaigns, which often advocates for ‘responsible’ drinking, ride shares and/or designated driver programmes; many of which are mass media and educational programmes that do not affect alcohol sales and are considered ineffective or have limited effectiveness (ID 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 21) (Howat et al., 2004; Pantani et al., 2012; Babor et al., 2015; 2018; Esser et al., 2016)