Table 2.
Characteristics of participants with and without metabolic syndrome.
| No metabolic syndrome | Metabolic syndrome | Total | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (percentage) | 2,121 (73.9) | 750 (26.1) | 2,871 (100.0) | ||
| Sex | Male | 513 (24.2) | 278 (37.1) | 791 (27.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1,608 (75.8) | 472 (62.9) | 2,080 (72.4) | ||
|
| |||||
| Age∗ | 51.93 ± 7.18 | 56.19 ± 7.06 | 53.04 ± 7.39 | <0.001 | |
| Education | Graduated middle school or less | 753 (35.5) | 377 (50.3) | 1,130 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Graduated from high school | 818 (38.6) | 218 (29.1) | 1,036 (36.1) | ||
| Graduated college or higher | 550 (25.9) | 155 (20.7) | 705 (24.6) | ||
|
| |||||
| Marriage status | Never married | 48 (2.3) | 13 (1.7) | 61 (2.1) | 0.058 |
| Married/living together | 1,943 (91.6) | 673 (89.7) | 2,616 (91.1) | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 130 (6.1) | 64 (8.5) | 194 (6.8) | ||
|
| |||||
| Smoking | Never | 1,762 (83.1) | 551 (73.5) | 2,313 (80.6) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 187 (8.8) | 113 (15.1) | 300 (10.4) | ||
| Current | 172 (8.1) | 86 (11.5) | 258 (9.0) | ||
|
| |||||
| BMI (kg/m2)∗ | 23.37 ± 2.47 | 26.03 ± 2.72 | 24.06 ± 2.80 | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day)∗ | 5.35 ± 17.44 | 8.01 ± 22.37 | 6.04 ± 18.89 | 0.003 | |
| Physical activity (MET minutes/week)∗ | 165.35 ± 217.03 | 163.20 ± 201.35 | 164.79 ± 213.01 | 0.81 | |
| Stress∗ | 19.49 ± 8.18 | 20.25 ± 8.32 | 19.68 ± 8.23 | 0.031 | |
|
| |||||
| Sasang constitution | SY | 632 (29.8) | 163 (21.7) | 795 (27.7) | <0.001 |
| TE | 825 (38.9) | 517 (68.9) | 1,342 (46.7) | ||
| SE | 664 (31.3) | 70 (9.3) | 734 (25.6) | ||
∗Mean ± standard deviation with t-test p value; other values are numbers followed by percentages in parentheses and analyzed by the chi-square test. BMI, body mass index; SE, So-Eum; SY, So-Yang; TE, Tae-Eum.