Table 1.

Selected causes of AKI with distinct pathologic findings on renal biopsy

Pigment-induced AKI

Rhabdomyolysis

Hemoglobin cast nephropathy

RBC casts: anticoagulation (warfarin) nephropathy, hematuric syndromes, vasculitis

Hemosiderosis: hemochromatosis, sickle cell disease, blood transfusions, sepsis

Bile nephropathy (cholemic nephrosis): hepatic disorders and hepatotoxic drugs

Malignancy-induced AKI

Myeloma cast nephropathy

Proximal tubulopathy

Lysozyme nephropathy

Crystal-induced AKI

Calcium oxalate nephropathy: hereditary, dietary, ethylene glycol, various medicinal drugs, malabsorption, bowel obstruction or small intestine/gastric bypass

Phosphate nephropathy

Cystinosis

2,8-dihidroxiadeninuria

Cholesterol crystals

Crixivan/indinavir crystals

Acute urate nephropathy

Drug-induced AKI

Isometric vacuolization/osmotic nephrosis, contrast nephropathy

Antibiotics: e.g. aminoglycosides, vancomycin

Immunotherapy-based agents

Illicit drugs: cocaine

Over-the-counter supplements

Chemotherapy drugs

Infection-induced AKI

Urinary tract obstruction

Sepsis

Pyelonephritis

Interstitial nephritis

Influenza types A and B (most common)

COVID-19

Parainfluenza virus

HIV

Coxsackievirus

Epstein–Barr virus

Echovirus

Cytomegalovirus

Adenovirus

Herpes simplex virus

Varicella-zoster virus

West Nile virus

Legionella

Generic ATN casts

TMA

Any glomerulonephritis