Table 2.
Demographic characteristics and comorbidities (mean, SD, or N, %, and P-values) of the sepsis and nonsepsis cases: real versus synthetic data sets
| Real nonsepsis | Synth sepsis | Synth nonsepsis | Real sepsis vs. synth sepsis | Real nonsepsis vs. Synth nonsepsis | Real sepsis vs. real nonsepsis | Synth sepsis vs. synth nonsepsis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable category | Variable | Real sepsis |
n (%) for categorial data Mean ± SD for continuous data |
P-value Chi-squared test for categorical data Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) 2-sample test for continuous data |
||||||
| Demographics | Age | 60.28 ± 15.19 | 59.06 ± 17.54 | 60.30 ± 15.12 | 58.98 ± 17.52 | 1.000 | 1.000 | .080 | .050 | |
| Male | 278 (54.4%) | 281 (54.6%) | 465 (26.9%) | 466 (27.1%) | .991 | .977 | .001 | .000 | ||
| Race: Caucasian | 374 (73.2%) | 378 (73.4%) | 692 (36.2%) | 692 (36.5%) | .996 | .962 | .017 | .010 | ||
| Race: Black | 95 (18.6%) | 95 (18.4%) | 304 (9.2%) | 306 (9.2%) | .983 | .996 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Race: Unknown | 18 (3.5%) | 18 (3.5%) | 17 (1.7%) | 17 (1.7%) | .884 | .869 | .032 | .033 | ||
| Race: Other | 24 (4.7%) | 24 (4.7%) | 19 (2.3%) | 19 (2.3%) | .904 | .877 | .002 | .002 | ||
| Admitted through ER | 119 (23.3%) | 119 (23.1%) | 433 (11.5%) | 434 (11.5%) | .996 | .974 | .000 | .000 | ||
| ICU stay prior to prediction period | 25 (4.9%) | 25 (4.9%) | 15 (2.4%) | 15 (2.4%) | .907 | .860 | .000 | .000 | ||
| 30-day readmission cases | 20 (3.9%) | 20 (3.9%) | 43 (1.9%) | 43 (1.9%) | .892 | .923 | .921 | .906 | ||
| Vital signs (mean value during prediction period) | Temperature | 36.29 ± 0.44 | 36.20 ± 0.32 | 36.29 ± 0.43 | 36.20 ± 0.30 | .840 | .160 | .000 | .010 | |
| Respiratory rate | 18.51 ± 2.13 | 17.79 ± 1.42 | 18.48 ± 1.99 | 17.81 ± 1.42 | .430 | .310 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Heart rate | 85.29 ± 17.14 | 78.51 ± 13.27 | 85.17 ± 16.98 | 78.50 ± 13.19 | .900 | 1.000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| SpO2 | 96.47 ± 2.42 | 97.12 ± 1.89 | 96.52 ± 1.97 | 97.12 ± 1.88 | .990 | .670 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | 126.3 ± 18.3 | 128.5 ± 18.1 | 126.3 ± 18.3 | 128.5 ± 18.1 | .940 | .990 | .010 | .040 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 70.22 ± 12.01 | 70.75 ± 11.52 | 70.11 ± 12.06 | 70.75 ± 11.46 | .990 | .990 | .610 | .400 | ||
| Shock index | 0.692 ± 0.169 | 0.625 ± 0.142 | 0.691 ± 0.165 | 0.624 ± 0.142 | .980 | .920 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Abnormal vital sign readings | Heart rate | 278 (54.4%) | 279 (54.2%) | 372 (26.9%) | 372 (27.0%) | .991 | .997 | .000 | .000 | |
| Respiratory rate | 90 (17.6%) | 90 (17.5%) | 91 (8.7%) | 91 (8.7%) | .980 | .954 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | 37 (7.2%) | 38 (7.4%) | 34 (3.6%) | 34 (3.7%) | .972 | .912 | .001 | .001 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 225 (44.0%) | 229 (44.5%) | 454 (21.8%) | 455 (22.1%) | .938 | .976 | .968 | .893 | ||
| SpO2 | 157 (30.7%) | 159 (30.9%) | 209 (15.2%) | 209 (15.4%) | .987 | .983 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Temperature | 21 (4.1%) | 21 (4.1%) | 15 (2.0%) | 15 (2.0%) | .895 | .860 | .002 | .002 | ||
| Abnormal lab results | Albumin | 53 (10.4%) | 53 (10.3%) | 65 (5.1%) | 65 (5.1%) | .952 | .941 | .006 | .007 | |
| BUN | 100 (19.6%) | 101 (19.6%) | 171 (9.7%) | 172 (9.8%) | .951 | .977 | .166 | .166 | ||
| Bilirubin | 36 (7.0%) | 36 (7.0%) | 43 (3.5%) | 43 (3.5%) | .930 | .923 | .022 | .023 | ||
| Calcium | 83 (16.2%) | 83 (16.1%) | 137 (8.0%) | 137 (8.0%) | .976 | .969 | .136 | .146 | ||
| Chloride | 49 (9.6%) | 51 (9.9%) | 58 (4.7%) | 58 (4.9%) | .949 | .937 | .005 | .003 | ||
| Creatinine | 135 (26.4%) | 136 (26.4%) | 213 (13.1%) | 213 (13.1%) | .947 | .983 | .013 | .012 | ||
| Glucose | 28 (5.5%) | 28 (5.4%) | 33 (2.7%) | 33 (2.7%) | .914 | .910 | .043 | .045 | ||
| Hematocrit | 224 (43.8%) | 225 (43.7%) | 343 (21.7%) | 343 (21.7%) | .987 | 1.000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 200 (39.1%) | 201 (39.0%) | 363 (19.4%) | 363 (19.4%) | .978 | .998 | .143 | .142 | ||
| INR | 69 (13.5%) | 71 (13.8%) | 65 (6.7%) | 65 (6.9%) | .967 | .941 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Potassium | 35 (6.8%) | 36 (7.0%) | 62 (3.4%) | 62 (3.5%) | .973 | .939 | .596 | .515 | ||
| Lactate | 7 (1.4%) | 7 (1.4%) | 3 (0.7%) | 3 (0.7%) | .799 | .685 | .032 | .032 | ||
| Sodium | 61 (11.9%) | 62 (12.0%) | 68 (5.9%) | 68 (6.0%) | .963 | .943 | .001 | .000 | ||
| PaCO2 | 25 (4.9%) | 25 (4.9%) | 6 (2.4%) | 6 (2.4%) | .907 | .776 | .000 | .000 | ||
| PaO2 | 69 (13.5%) | 70 (13.6%) | 8 (6.7%) | 8 (6.8%) | .961 | .806 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Platelet | 65 (12.7%) | 66 (12.8%) | 94 (6.3%) | 94 (6.4%) | .962 | .956 | .035 | .029 | ||
| RBC | 192 (37.6%) | 194 (37.7%) | 332 (18.6%) | 332 (18.7%) | .974 | .999 | .040 | .033 | ||
| Troponin | 7 (1.4%) | 7 (1.4%) | 23 (0.7%) | 23 (0.7%) | .799 | .889 | .340 | .334 | ||
| WBC | 121 (23.7%) | 123 (23.9%) | 176 (11.7%) | 177 (11.9%) | .997 | .976 | .002 | .002 | ||
| Elixhauser comorbidities | Chronic pulmonary disease | 189 (37.0%) | 191 (37.1%) | 190 (18.3%) | 191 (18.5%) | .975 | .975 | .000 | .000 | |
| Coagulopathy | 139 (27.2%) | 139 (27.0%) | 44 (13.5%) | 44 (13.4%) | .995 | .924 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 178 (34.8%) | 179 (34.8%) | 125 (17.2%) | 125 (17.3%) | .968 | .966 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Diabetes, complicated | 70 (13.7%) | 70 (13.6%) | 68 (6.8%) | 68 (6.8%) | .967 | .943 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 91 (17.8%) | 92 (17.9%) | 196 (8.8%) | 196 (8.9%) | .954 | .981 | .622 | .658 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 359 (70.3%) | 362 (70.3%) | 238 (34.8%) | 238 (35.0%) | .956 | .987 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Hypertension, complicated | 103 (20.2%) | 104 (20.2%) | 103 (10.0%) | 103 (10.0%) | .950 | .959 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Hypertension, uncomplicated | 220 (43.1%) | 221 (42.9%) | 414 (21.3%) | 417 (21.4%) | .986 | .972 | .294 | .351 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 75 (14.7%) | 75 (14.6%) | 145 (7.3%) | 145 (7.2%) | .971 | .971 | .799 | .828 | ||
| Liver disease | 63 (12.3%) | 65 (12.6%) | 62 (6.1%) | 62 (6.3%) | .962 | .939 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Lymphoma | 10 (2.0%) | 10 (1.9%) | 11 (1.0%) | 11 (1.0%) | .835 | .836 | .235 | .239 | ||
| Metastatic cancer | 32 (6.3%) | 32 (6.2%) | 70 (3.1%) | 70 (3.1%) | .923 | .944 | .781 | .762 | ||
| Obesity | 121 (23.7%) | 121 (23.5%) | 132 (11.7%) | 132 (11.7%) | .997 | .968 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 98 (19.2%) | 99 (19.2%) | 92 (9.5%) | 92 (9.6%) | .951 | .955 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 91 (17.8%) | 92 (17.9%) | 42 (8.8%) | 42 (8.9%) | .954 | .922 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Renal failure | 131 (25.6%) | 132 (25.6%) | 184 (12.7%) | 185 (12.8%) | .944 | .975 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 54 (10.6%) | 54 (10.5%) | 155 (5.2%) | 155 (5.2%) | .953 | .973 | .020 | .018 | ||
| Valvular disease | 169 (33.1%) | 169 (32.8%) | 81 (16.4%) | 81 (16.3%) | .983 | .950 | .000 | .000 | ||
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | 15.01 ± 10.76 | 6.52 ± 8.12 | 14.90 ± 10.72 | 6.49 ± 8.14 | .620 | .950 | .000 | .000 | ||