Table 1.
Patient characteristics and changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention.
| Variable | Anti-inflammatory diet group (n = 42) | Control diet group (n = 39) | Baseline p-valueb | 6-months p-Valuec | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 months | Change (%) | p-valuea | Baseline | 6 months | Change (%) | p-valuea | |||
| Sex (men/women) | 3/39 | − | <0.001d | 4/35 | − | <0.001d | 0.619d | − | ||
| Metabolic syndrome (yes) | 20 | 11 | −45.0 | 0.042d | 13 | 9 | −30.8 | 0.314d | 0.191d | 0.746d |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | 12 | 5 | −58.3 | 0.057d | 18 | 6 | −66.7 | 0.003d | 0.102d | 0.648d |
| NAFLD-FLS > –0.64 | 18 | 13 | −27.8 | 0.062d | 15 | 10 | −33.3 | 0.019d | 0.916d | 0.596d |
| FLI > 0.8 | 20 | 15 | −25.0 | 0.184d | 21 | 18 | −14.3 | 0.749d | 0.575d | 0.339d |
| FIB-4 > 1.45 | 2 | 0 | −100.0 | <0.001d | 2 | 0 | −100.0 | <0.001d | 0.938d | 0.992d |
| Age (years) | 43.6 (5.8) | − | − | 41.7 (6.7) | − | − | 0.178 | − | ||
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| Anthropometry and body composition | ||||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 102.9 (14.2) | 95.7 (11.7) | −7.1 | <0.001 | 101.4 (21.9) | 95.1 (21.4) | −6.2 | <0.001 | 0.770 | 0.903 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 35.4 (4.3) | 32.9 (3.9) | −7.0 | <0.001 | 33.4 (5.5) | 31.0 (4.3) | −7.2 | <0.001 | 0.179 | 0.119 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108.4 (8.4) | 102.9 (7.8) | −5.1 | <0.001 | 107.9 (10.1) | 100.9 (10.0) | −6.5 | <0.001 | 0.482 | 0.442 |
| Total fat tissue (%) | 44.9 (4.4) | 42.3 (4.8) | −5.6 | <0.001 | 45.6 (2.6) | 42.2 (3.0) | −7.4 | <0.001 | 0.505 | 0.755 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (l) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.0) | −22.3 | <0.001 | 3.5 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.4) | −25.4 | <0.001 | 0.376 | 0.798 |
| Nonfat tissue (%) | 55.1 (4.4) | 57.8 (4.7) | 4.8 | <0.001 | 54.4 (2.6) | 57.2 (2.4) | 5.2 | <0.001 | 0.484 | 0.587 |
| Skeletal muscle tissue (kg) | 27.4 (3.9) | 26.2 (3.3) | −4.3 | 0.022 | 27.0 (6.2) | 25.8 (7.3) | −4.4 | 0.005 | 0.449 | 0.085 |
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| Biochemical parameters | ||||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.7 (1.4) | 5.5 (0.6) | −3.7 | 0.284 | 5.6 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.6) | −13.1 | <0.001 | 0.107 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.3 (6.5) | 34.7 (7.6) | −1.7 | 0.855 | 38.3 (4.9) | 38.4 (4.7) | 0.1 | 0.121 | 0.128 | 0.050 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 18.2 (11.7) | 16.2 (10.0) | −11.1 | 0.946 | 16.1 (4.9) | 11.7 (3.9) | −27.1 | 0.008 | 0.419 | 0.048 |
| HOMA-IR (pmol/l) | 4.8 (3.9) | 4.1 (3.0) | −15.5 | 0.307 | 4.0 (1.3) | 2.5 (0.9) | −36.3 | 0.002 | 0.572 | 0.040 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.34) | −5.3 | 0.594 | 5.8 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.8) | −7.7 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 0.193 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.53) | 10.2 | 0.058 | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.1) | −0.8 | 0.073 | 0.642 | 0.127 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.99) | −4.6 | 0.354 | 3.8 (0.6 | 3.4 (0.6) | −12.0 | <0.001 | 0.031 | 0.343 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.2(0.56) | −12.2 | 0.445 | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) | −11.3 | 0.393 | 0.008 | 0.144 |
| Platelet (×109/l) | 261.3 (73.4) | 248.3 (77.1) | −5.0 | 0.289 | 290.9 (104.3) | 286.9 (85.3) | −1.4 | 0.226 | 0.268 | 0.049 |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 6.3 (5.5) | 4.4 (4.29) | −29.5 | 0.003 | 6.8 (4.1) | 3.9 (0.9) | −42.2 | 0.010 | 0.311 | 0.662 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.36) | −18.2 | 0.013 | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.8) | −26.9 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.09) | −34.2 | 0.002 | 1.7 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | −10.5 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as number or the mean (SD). NAFLD-FLS, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Liver Fat Score; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; FIB-4, Fibrosis Index based on four factors; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. aComparison within dietary groups (baseline and after 6 months). bBaseline differences between the AID and CD groups. cDifferences after 6 months between the AID and CD groups. dChi-squared test for baseline differences between the AID and CD groups.