Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline.
| Characteristics | Control group (n=208) | OTa group (n=208) | OT-MIb group (n=208) | P value (comparing difference among control/OT/OT-MI groups) | ||||
| Sociodemographic data, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
Age group (year) | .57 | ||||||
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|
|
18-26 | 65 (31.3) | 73 (35.1) | 64 (30.8) |
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||
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|
|
27-36 | 101 (48.6) | 91 (43.8) | 91 (43.8) |
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||
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|
|
37-45 | 42 (20.2) | 44 (21.2) | 53 (25.5) |
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||
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Current marital status | .24 | ||||||
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|
|
Currently single | 171 (82.2) | 162 (77.9) | 177 (85.1) |
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||
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|
|
Cohabited/married with a man | 35 (16.8) | 45 (40.5) | 31 (14.9) |
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||
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|
|
Cohabited/married with a woman | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |
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||
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|
Educational level | .71 | ||||||
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|
|
Secondary or below | 29 (13.9) | 31 (14.9) | 35 (16.8) |
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||
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|
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University or above | 179 (86.1) | 177 (85.1) | 173 (83.2) |
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||
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Current employment status | .82 | ||||||
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|
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Full-time | 166 (79.8) | 165 (79.3) | 161 (77.4) |
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||
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|
|
Part-time/unemployed/retired/students | 42 (20.2) | 43 (20.7) | 47 (22.6) |
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||
|
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Personal monthly income (HK $; US $) | .38 | ||||||
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|
|
<HK $10,000 (US $1290) | 32 (15.4) | 36 (17.3) | 33 (15.9) |
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||
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|
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HK $10,000-$19,999 (US $1290-$2580) | 74 (35.6) | 71 (34.1) | 62 (29.8) |
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||
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HK $20,000-$39,999 (US $2580-$5161) | 79 (38.0) | 67 (32.2) | 77 (37.0) |
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||
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≥HK $40,000 (US $5161) | 21 (10.1) | 34 (16.3) | 35 (16.8) |
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Refuse to disclose | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
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|
Sexual orientation | .31 | ||||||
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|
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Gay | 179 (86.1) | 189 (90.9) | 189 (90.9) |
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Bisexual | 28 (13.5) | 19 (9.1) | 19 (9.1) |
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Heterosexual | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
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| HIV or STIc-related service use in the past 6 months, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
HIV testing | .55 | ||||||
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|
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No | 93 (44.7) | 98 (47.1) | 87 (41.8) |
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||
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|
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Yes | 115 (55.3) | 110 (52.9) | 121 (58.2) |
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||
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Other HIV or STI preventive servicesd | .55 | ||||||
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|
|
No | 102 (49.0) | 109 (52.4) | 113 (54.3) |
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||
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Yes | 106 (51.0) | 99 (47.6) | 95 (45.7) |
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||
| Sexual behaviors in the past six months , n (%) | ||||||||
|
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Had anal intercourse with RPe | .03 | ||||||
|
|
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No | 31 (14.9) | 39 (18.8) | 52 (25.0) |
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||
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|
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Yes | 177 (85.1) | 169 (81.3) | 156 (75.0) |
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||
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Had anal intercourse with NRPf | .93 | ||||||
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|
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No | 103 (49.5) | 101 (48.6) | 99 (47.6) |
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||
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|
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Yes | 105 (50.5) | 107 (51.4) | 109 (52.4) |
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||
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CAIg with men | .74 | ||||||
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No | 133 (63.9) | 139 (66.8) | 132 (63.5) |
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Yes | 75 (36.1) | 69 (33.2) | 76 (36.5) |
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Multiple male sex partnerships | .88 | ||||||
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No | 90 (43.3) | 92 (44.2) | 95 (45.7) |
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||
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Yes | 118 (56.7) | 116 (55.8) | 113 (54.3) |
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||
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Sexualized drug use | .56 | ||||||
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No | 193 (92.8) | 198 (95.2) | 194 (93.3) |
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||
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Yes | 15 (7.2) | 10 (4.8) | 14 (6.7) |
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||
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Use of sexual potency drugs | .66 | ||||||
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No | 193 (92.8) | 197 (94.7) | 193 (92.8) |
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||
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Yes | 15 (7.2) | 11 (5.3) | 15 (7.2) |
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||
| History of HIV or STI, n (%) | ||||||||
|
|
Self-reported HIV serostatus | .96 | ||||||
|
|
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Negative | 183 (88.0) | 185 (88.9) | 184 (88.5) |
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||
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|
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Positive | 11 (5.3) | 7 (3.4) | 8 (3.8) |
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||
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Refuse to disclose | 3 (1.4) | 4 (1.9) | 5 (2.4) |
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||
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Had never tested for HIV antibody | 11 (5.3) | 12 (5.8) | 11 (5.3) |
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||
|
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History of other STIs | .61 | ||||||
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|
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No | 170 (81.7) | 170 (81.7) | 163 (26.1) |
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||
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Yes | 38 (18.3) | 38 (18.3) | 45 (21.6) |
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| Lifestyles, n (%) | ||||||||
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Current smokers | .88 | ||||||
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No | 165 (79.3) | 162 (77.9) | 166 (79.8) |
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Yes | 43 (20.7) | 46 (22.1) | 42 (20.2) |
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Drinking in the past year | .32 | ||||||
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No | 39 (18.8) | 28 (13.5) | 36 (17.3) |
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Yes | 169 (81.2) | 180 (86.5) | 172 (82.7) |
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| Knowledge related to HPVh or HPV vaccination, n (%) | ||||||||
|
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Both males and females could be affected by HPV | .06 | ||||||
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|
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Yesi | 156 (75.0) | 174 (83.7) | 163 (78.4) |
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||
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No | 9 (4.3) | 11 (5.3) | 15 (7.2) |
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Do not know | 43 (20.7) | 23 (11.1) | 30 (14.4) |
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||
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HPV infection could cause STI | .63 | ||||||
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|
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Yesi | 129 (62.0) | 144 (69.2) | 135 (64.9) |
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||
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No | 20 (9.6) | 18 (8.7) | 19 (9.1) |
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||
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Do not know | 59 (28.4) | 46 (22.1) | 54 (26.0) |
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||
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HPV infection could cause cancers among males | .07 | ||||||
|
|
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Yesi | 89 (42.8) | 114 (54.8) | 99 (47.6) |
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||
|
|
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No | 34 (16.3) | 37 (17.8) | 37 (17.8) |
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||
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|
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Do not know | 85 (40.9) | 57 (27.4) | 72 (34.6) |
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||
|
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HPV could be totally cured by available treatment | .16 | ||||||
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|
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Yes | 31 (14.9) | 28 (13.5) | 35 (16.8) |
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||
|
|
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Noi | 110 (52.9) | 132 (63.5) | 112 (53.8) |
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||
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Do not know | 67 (32.2) | 48 (23.1) | 61 (29.1) |
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||
|
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Availability of effective HPV vaccination for males in Hong Kong | .03 | ||||||
|
|
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Yesi | 113 (54.3) | 131 (63.0) | 110 (52.9) |
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||
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No | 18 (8.7) | 28 (13.5) | 26 (12.5) |
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||
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Do not know | 77 (37.0) | 49 (23.6) | 72 (34.6) |
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||
|
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Number of shots required to prevent HPV infection in males | .31 | ||||||
|
|
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3 | 56 (26.9) | 69 (33.2) | 68 (32.7) |
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||
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Other answers/Do not know | 152 (73.1) | 139 (66.8) | 140 (67.3) |
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||
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Number of correct responses | .26 | ||||||
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|
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0 | 33 (15.9) | 19 (9.1) | 27 (13.0) |
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1-2 | 45 (21.6) | 40 (19.2) | 46 (22.1) |
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||
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3-4 | 100 (48.1) | 104 (50.0) | 95 (47.9) |
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||
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5-6 | 30 (14.4) | 45 (21.6) | 40 (19.2) |
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||
| Perceptions related to HPV or HPV vaccination based on the HBMj | ||||||||
|
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Perceived susceptibility to HPV (high/very high) | |||||||
|
|
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Perceived risk of contracting HPV in lifetime, n (%) | 42 (20.2) | 52 (25.0) | 49 (23.6) | .49 | ||
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|
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Perceived risk of contracting genital warts in lifetime, n (%) | 39 (18.8) | 51 (24.5) | 47 (22.6) | .35 | ||
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Perceived risk of having penile or anal cancers in lifetime, n (%) | 20 (9.6) | 25 (12.0) | 21 (10.1) | .70 | ||
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|
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Perceived HPV infection rate among MSMk in Hong Kong, n (%) | 63 (30.3) | 53 (25.5) | 55 (26.4) | .51 | ||
|
|
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Perceived susceptibility scale, mean (SD)i | 10.8 (3.0) | 10.9 (3.3) | 10.4 (3.5) | .38 | ||
|
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Perceived severity of HPV-related diseases (high/very high) | |||||||
|
|
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Harms of genital warts on physical health, n (%) | 119 (57.2) | 119 (57.2) | 128 (61.5) | .59 | ||
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|
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Harms of penile or anal cancers on physical health, n (%) | 135 (64.9) | 153 (73.6) | 137 (65.9) | .12 | ||
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|
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Perceived severity scale, mean (SD)l | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.7 (1.7) | 7.5 (1.8) | .59 | ||
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Perceived benefit of HPV vaccination (agree/strongly agree) | |||||||
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HPV vaccination is highly effective in preventing HPV infection, n (%) | 143 (68.8) | 166 (79.8) | 147 (70.7) | .03 | ||
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HPV vaccination is highly effective in preventing genital warts, n (%) | 142 (68.3) | 151 (72.6) | 138 (66.3) | .37 | ||
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HPV vaccination is highly effective in preventing penile/anal cancers, n (%) | 129 (62.0) | 138 (66.3) | 123 (59.1) | .31 | ||
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HPV vaccination can protect you for a long time, n (%) | 104 (50.0) | 113 (54.3) | 105 (50.5) | .63 | ||
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You will feel at ease after receiving HPV vaccination, n (%) | 142 (68.3) | 127 (61.1) | 139 (66.8) | .26 | ||
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|
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Perceived benefit scale, mean (SD)m | 18.9 (3.1) | 18.9 (2.9) | 18.6 (2.9) | .58 | ||
|
|
Perceived barriers of receiving HPV vaccination (agree/strongly agree) | |||||||
|
|
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It is not worthy spending HK $2000-$3000 (US $257.97-$386.96) to receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 64 (30.8) | 44 (21.1) | 38 (18.3) | .01 | ||
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|
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The procedures to receive HPV vaccination is troublesome, n (%) | 33 (15.9) | 30 (13.3) | 17 (8.2) | .05 | ||
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|
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You would have severe side effects after receiving HPV vaccination, n (%) | 20 (9.6) | 15 (7.2) | 17 (8.2) | .67 | ||
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|
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You feel embarrassed to receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 25 (12.0) | 20 (9.6) | 18 (8.7) | .50 | ||
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|
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Others would think you are having high-risk behaviors if you receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 33 (15.9) | 25 (12.0) | 25 (12.0) | .41 | ||
|
|
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You would be stigmatized by service providers when you receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 18 (8.7) | 15 (7.2) | 13 (6.3) | .64 | ||
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|
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Perceived barrier scale, mean (SD)n | 13.5 (5.2) | 12.6 (4.0) | 12.4 (4.2) | .03 | ||
|
|
Perceived cue to action related to HPV vaccination (agree/strongly agree) | |||||||
|
|
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Medical professionals would suggest you to receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 3 (1.4) | 6 (2.9) | 7 (3.4) | .43 | ||
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|
|
MSM peers would suggest you to receive HPV vaccination, n (%) | 8 (3.8) | 15 (7.2) | 5 (2.4) | .06 | ||
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|
|
Cue to action scale, mean (SD)o | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.4) | .56 | ||
|
|
Perceived self-efficacy related to HPV vaccination (agree/strongly agree) | |||||||
|
|
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Whether to receive HPV vaccination is completely under your control, n (%) | 172 (82.7) | 169 (81.3) | 183 (88.0) | .14 | ||
|
|
|
You are confident to receive HPV vaccination in the next year if you want, n (%) | 142 (68.3) | 139 (66.8) | 147 (70.7) | .70 | ||
|
|
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Receiving HPV vaccination in the next year is easy for you if you want, n (%) | 154 (74.0) | 145 (69.7) | 153 (73.6) | .56 | ||
|
|
|
Perceived self-efficacy scale, mean (SD)p | 12.6 (2.4) | 12.4 (2.6) | 12.6 (2.4) | .61 | ||
aOT: online tutorial.
bMI: motivational interviewing.
cSTI: sexually transmitted infection.
dIncluding receiving condoms, peer education, leaflets of HIV-related information, and seminars or workshops related to HIV.
eRP: regular male sex partners.
fNRP: nonregular partners.
gCAI: condomless anal intercourse.
hHPV: human papillomavirus.
iPerceived susceptibility scale, 3 items, Cronbach α=.79, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, which explained 61.5% of the total variance.
jHBM: health belief model.
kMSM: men who have sex with men.
lPerceived severity scale, 2 items, Cronbach α=.64.
mPerceived benefit scale, 5 items, Cronbach α=.75, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining 52.0% of the total variance.
nPerceived barrier scale, 6 items, Cronbach α=.86, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining 71.0% of the total variance.
oCue to action scale, 2 items, Cronbach α=.62.
pPerceived self-efficacy scale: 3 items, Cronbach α=.78, one factor was identified by exploratory factor analysis, explaining 69.2% of total variance.