Table 1.
Summary statistics of district-level means.
| Adults (15−49) |
Women (15−49) |
Men (15−49) |
Diff. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Hotspot district | 0.185 | 0.388 | 0.185 | 0.388 | 0.185 | 0.388 | |
| Natural log number of confirmed cases | 2.538 | 1.461 | 2.538 | 1.461 | 2.538 | 1.461 | |
| Case fatality rate | 0.329 | 0.425 | 0.329 | 0.425 | 0.329 | 0.425 | |
| Red zone | 0.177 | 0.373 | 0.177 | 0.373 | 0.177 | 0.373 | |
| Individual and household characteristics | |||||||
| Body mass index | 21.727 | 1.133 | 21.735 | 1.169 | 21.690 | 1.040 | |
| Obese | 0.040 | 0.028 | 0.043 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.022 | *** |
| Obese (Asian threshold) | 0.088 | 0.053 | 0.092 | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.045 | *** |
| Altitude adjusted hemoglobin level (g/dl) | 12.000 | 0.447 | 11.694 | 0.458 | 14.067 | 0.512 | *** |
| Glucose level is greater than median value | 0.505 | 0.081 | 0.502 | 0.082 | 0.531 | 0.093 | *** |
| Told has high BP on > = 2 x by doc./hlth prof. | 0.086 | 0.068 | 0.089 | 0.070 | 0.063 | 0.064 | *** |
| Height in centimeters | 153.512 | 1.961 | 152.067 | 1.802 | 163.354 | 2.370 | *** |
| Age in years | 29.921 | 1.072 | 29.895 | 1.098 | 30.127 | 1.279 | *** |
| Male | 0.128 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | |
| Married | 0.709 | 0.053 | 0.723 | 0.055 | 0.612 | 0.064 | *** |
| Not educated | 0.248 | 0.129 | 0.267 | 0.137 | 0.118 | 0.079 | *** |
| Has some or all primary school | 0.133 | 0.044 | 0.134 | 0.044 | 0.126 | 0.057 | *** |
| Has some secondary school | 0.408 | 0.085 | 0.397 | 0.089 | 0.478 | 0.076 | *** |
| Completed secondary school or higher | 0.211 | 0.100 | 0.201 | 0.102 | 0.278 | 0.098 | *** |
| Number of children below 5 years | 0.592 | 0.18 | 0.595 | 0.181 | 0.574 | 0.194 | ** |
| Hindu | 0.745 | 0.275 | 0.744 | 0.275 | 0.751 | 0.278 | |
| Muslim | 0.127 | 0.175 | 0.128 | 0.175 | 0.122 | 0.177 | |
| Christian | 0.074 | 0.211 | 0.074 | 0.211 | 0.074 | 0.211 | |
| Scheduled tribe | 0.192 | 0.279 | 0.192 | 0.279 | 0.192 | 0.280 | |
| Scheduled caste | 0.193 | 0.106 | 0.193 | 0.106 | 0.194 | 0.117 | |
| Other backward caste | 0.394 | 0.213 | 0.394 | 0.213 | 0.398 | 0.223 | |
| Poorest household | 0.189 | 0.189 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.179 | 0.183 | |
| Poorer household | 0.214 | 0.112 | 0.214 | 0.112 | 0.214 | 0.118 | |
| Middle income household | 0.214 | 0.088 | 0.213 | 0.088 | 0.218 | 0.094 | |
| Richer household | 0.198 | 0.099 | 0.198 | 0.100 | 0.201 | 0.106 | |
| Richest household | 0.185 | 0.174 | 0.185 | 0.175 | 0.188 | 0.171 | |
| Age of household head | 47.526 | 2.456 | 47.563 | 2.453 | 47.278 | 2.919 | * |
| Household head is male | 0.869 | 0.059 | 0.865 | 0.061 | 0.899 | 0.054 | *** |
| Household size | 5.671 | 0.771 | 5.689 | 0.775 | 5.555 | 0.808 | *** |
| House has raw wall | 0.239 | 0.232 | 0.239 | 0.233 | 0.234 | 0.234 | |
| Rural | 0.718 | 0.212 | 0.721 | 0.214 | 0.703 | 0.206 | |
| Electricity | 0.894 | 0.137 | 0.894 | 0.137 | 0.896 | 0.139 | |
| Toilet facility: flush toilet | 0.512 | 0.238 | 0.511 | 0.239 | 0.519 | 0.237 | |
| Source of drinking water: piped water | 0.474 | 0.313 | 0.474 | 0.313 | 0.472 | 0.317 | |
| Years lived in place of residence | 16.904 | 3.767 | 16.986 | 3.783 | 16.292 | 4.073 | *** |
| District characteristics | |||||||
| Natural log of PM2.5 | 3.620 | 0.542 | 3.619 | 0.544 | 3.623 | 0.553 | |
| Natural log of rainfall in millimeters | 3.012 | 1.598 | 3.003 | 1.598 | 3.081 | 1.674 | |
| Natural log of temperature in centigrade | 3.329 | 0.230 | 3.328 | 0.232 | 3.341 | 0.224 | |
| State characteristics | |||||||
| Southern states | 0.166 | 0.373 | 0.166 | 0.373 | 0.166 | 0.373 | |
| Testing rate | 0.327 | 0.244 | 0.327 | 0.244 | 0.327 | 0.244 | |
| Natural log of population density in 2011 | 5.941 | 1.028 | 5.941 | 1.028 | 5.941 | 1.028 | |
| Natural log of per capita health exp. in 2016 | 7.194 | 0.471 | 7.194 | 0.471 | 7.194 | 0.471 | |
| Natural log of number of doctors in 2018 | 10.491 | 1.537 | 10.491 | 1.537 | 10.491 | 1.537 | |
| Proportion of respiratory cases in 2018 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.038 | 0.042 | 0.038 | 0.042 | |
| Prop. of the pop. > = 60 in 2017 (in percent.) | 8.316 | 1.519 | 8.316 | 1.519 | 8.316 | 1.519 | |
| Natural log number of women elected | 2.805 | 0.966 | 2.805 | 0.966 | 2.805 | 0.966 | |
Notes: Author’s calculations from district-level data. Table reports weighted summary statistics. The last column denotes differences in the women and men samples. Sample size is 631 districts. *** Denotes significance at the 1 % level, ** at the 5 % level and * at the 1 % level.