Table 1.
Studies on augmented reality navigation in spine surgery
| Authors | Year | Study type | Study subjects | Procedure | Spine segments | Interface type | Patient registration/tracking type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abe et al. [1] | 2013 | Cohort | Phantom + patients | Vertebroplasty | Thoracolumbar | HMD | Preop CT and fluoroscopy/DRF |
| Elmi-Terander et al. [22] | 2016 | Controlled | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Ma et al. [33] | 2017 | Cohort | Phantom | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | Projector | Ultrasound/DRF |
| Elmi-Terander et al. [21] | 2018 | Cohort | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Auloge et al. [2] | 2019 | RCT | Patients | Vertebroplasty | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Burström et al. [8] | 2019 | Cohort | Cadaver (pig) | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Carl et al. [10] | 2019 | Cohort | Patients | Multiple | All segments | Microscope | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Carl et al. [11] | 2019 | Cohort | Patients | Tumor | Cervical, thoracic | Microscope | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Carl et al. [13] | 2019 | Cohort | Patients | Tumor | All segments | Microscope | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Elmi-Terander et al. [20] | 2019 | Cohort | Patients | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Gibby et al. [23] | 2019 | Cohort | Phantom | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Manual adjustments/surface tracking |
| Liebmann et al. [30] | 2019 | Cohort | Phantom | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Pointer/surface tracking |
| Liu et al. [31] | 2019 | Controlled | Phantom | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Two groups: CT or manual/surface tracking |
| Molina et al. [36] | 2019 | Cohort | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | HMD | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Urakov et al. [42] | 2019 | Controlled | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Manual adjustments/surface tracking |
| Wanivenhaus et al. [45] | 2019 | Controlled | Phantom | Rod bending | Lumbosacral | HMD (HoloLens) | Pointer/surface tracking |
| Wei et al. [46] | 2019 | RCT | Patients | Kyphoplasty | Thoracolumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Manual adjustments/surface tracking |
| Edstrom et al. [17] | 2020 | Cohort | Patients | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Edstrom et al. [16] | 2020 | Cohort | Patients | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Elmi-Terander et al. [19] | 2020 | Controlled | Patients | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Muller et al. [37] | 2020 | Controlled | Phantom/Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Fluoroscopy/DRF |
| Edström et al. [18] | 2020 | Controlled | Patients | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Peh et al. [38] | 2020 | Controlled | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Monitor | Intraop CBCT/skin markers |
| Carl et al. [12] | 2020 | Cohort | Patients | Multiple | All segments | Microscope | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Dennler et al. [14] | 2020 | Controlled | Phantom | Pedicle screw | Lumbar | HMD (HoloLens) | Manual adjustments/surface tracking |
| Molina et al. [35] | 2020 | Cohort | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracic and lumbosacral | HMD | Intraop CT/DRF |
| Siemionow et al. [40] | 2020 | Cohort | Cadaver | Pedicle screw | Thoracolumbar | Projector | Intraop CT/DRF |
| von Atzigen et al. [44] | 2020 | Cohort | Phantom | Rod bending | Lumbosacral | HMD (HoloLens) | Surface tracking |
CT computed tomography, DRF dynamic reference frame, HMD head-mounted display, Preop preoperative, RCT randomized controlled trial