Table 2.

Studies reporting radiation doses

Authors	Year	Patient registration type	Surgical procedure	Radiation including postoperative verification	Radiation dose to patient	Radiation dose to staff
Auloge et al. [2]	2019	CBCT Intraop	Vertebroplasty, 1 level	No	DAP: 182.6 ± 106.7 mGy.712	n/a
Carl et al. [10]*	2019	CT Intraop	Variable, 1–2 vertebral levels*	No	ED, mean dose: Cervical: 0.52 mSv Thoracic: 6.14 mSv Lumbar: 2.99 mSv	n/a
Carl et al. [11]*	2019	CT Intraop	Intradural spinal lesions, 1–4 levels*	No	ED, mean dose: Cervical: 0.22 ± 0.16 mSv Thoracic: 1.68 ± 0.61 mSv	n/a
Carl et al. [13]*	2019	CT Intraop	Extra- and intradural spinal lesions, 5–13 levels*	No	ED, range (min–max): Cervical: 0.35radur mSv Thoracic: 2.16radur mSv Lumbar: 3.5516rad mSv	n/a
Carl et al. [12]*	2020	CT Intraop	Extra- and intradural lesions, degenerative, infections, and deformities*	No	ED, mean dose: Cervical: 0.29 ± 0.17 mSv Thoracic: 3.40 ± 2.38 mSv Lumbar 3.05 ± 0.89 mSv	n/a
Edstrom et al. [17]	2020	CBCT Intraop	Mainly scoliosis, 2–12 levels	Yes	ED, average: 15.8 ± 1.8 mSv	Staff dose, average: 0.21 ± 0.06 μSv
Peh et al. [38]	2020	CBCT Intraop	Cadaveric pedicle screw placement	Yes	n/a	“The performing surgeon was not exposed to radiationt

CBCT cone beam computed tomography, CT computed tomography, DAP dose-area product, ED effective dose

*A large share of patients has been re-used in these studies