Table 2.
Comparison of the serum levels of trace elements, minerals, and toxic heavy metals in non-fluorosis children and chronic fluorosis children, μg/mL (M ± m)
| Chemical elements | Non-fluorosis children | Chronic fluorosis children | Reference values (according to http://www.viria.com.ua) |
|---|---|---|---|
| М ± m | M ± m | ||
| Sulfur, S | 1035.19 ± 51.83 | 641.78 ± 81.62** | 1050–1200 |
| Chlorine, Cl | 2561.93 ± 253.83 | 1458.306 ± 169.466* | 3400–3800 |
| Potassium, K | 141.84 ± 8.94 | 117.53 ± 14.58* | 140–207 |
| Calcium, Ca | 91.64 ± 3.06 | 36.94 ± 4.43** | 90–110 |
| Iron, Fe | 1.479 ± 0.133 | 1.96 ± 0.35 | 0.6–1.6 |
| Nickel, Ni | 0.024 ± 0.0023 | 0.0237 ± 0.0027 | 0.02–0.03 |
| Bromine, Br | 237.22 ± 53.75 | 248.068 ± 64.992 | 50–1500 |
| Copper, Cu | 3.488 ± 0.458 | 0.248 ± 0.038** | 1.3–16 |
| Zinc, Zn | 0.665 ± 0.072 | 0.277 ± 0.0756** | 0.7–1.2 |
| Chrome, Cr | 0.0653 ± 0.024 | 0.0475 ± 0.0064 | 0.03–0.12 |
| Manganese, Mn | 0.0607 ± 0.0071 | 0.053 ± 0.0066 | 0.04–0.16 |
| Selenium, Se | 0.074 ± 0.006 | 0.041 ± 0.005** | 0.07–0.15 |
| Strontium, Sr | 0.046 ± 0.0057 | 0.0781 ± 0.0168* | 0.04–0.13 |
| Mercury, Hg | 0.014 ± 0.0027 | 0.0119 ± 0.00187 | 0.01–0.05 |
| Cadmium, Cd | 0.01 ± 0.0011 | 0.01 ± 0.0011 | 0.01–0.027 |
| Lead, Pb | 0.0446 ± 0.0073 | 0.064 ± 0.015 | 0.05–0.2 |
*р < 0.05; **р < 0.001 compared with the value of children from the non-fluorosis area