Table 1.

The milestones of biomarker discoveries for myocardial infarction.

Years	Milestone	References
1954	AST released from the necrotic cardiac myocytes to the circulation could be helpful in diagnosing AMI	(5)
1954–1955	LDH was considered as a useful marker in the diagnosis of AMI	(6, 7)
1978	CK activity was considered a better predictor of myocardial injury and an independent indicator in the diagnosis of AMI for 20 years	(8)
1982	Myoglobin occurs in the first 30 min while it has less specificity	(9)
1982	S100 gradually comes into spotlight and is related to MI	(10–14)
1992	Subtypes of IL play crucial roles in diagnosis and prognosis of MI	(15–21)
1993	“Decreased immunoreactivity for H-FABP may be a good histological marker of damaged cardiomyocytes”	(22)
1997	IGF may protect cardiac function after AMI	(23)
1998	cMyC is expressed in the heart specially	(24–27)
2001	uACR is associated with increased long-term risk of cardiovascular and total mortality in survivors of MI	(28)
2003	Atherosclerosis is proved to be associated with alterations in MMP activity	(29)
2003	MiRNAs are associated to MI	(30–41)
2004	VEGF is associated with diagnosis, infarction size, and clinical outcomes of MI	(42–45)
2007	Hs-cTn is current golden standard for AMI diagnosis	(46)
2013	HPA is associated with acute MI accompanied with elevated white blood cell count	(47)
2013	Copeptin: a new marker in cardiology	(48)
2014	Ischemia-reperfusion injury has been proved to decrease MG53 in heart	(49)
2015	PIK3C2A could affect angiogenesis contributing to the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease	(50)

AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; IL, interleukin; H-FABP, heart type fatty acid-binding protein; IGF, insulin-like growth factor 1; cMyC, cardiac myosin-binding protein C; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; hs-cTn, high sensitivity cardiac troponin; HPA, heparanase.