Table 2.

Biomarkers originated from myocardial tissue.

Abbreviation	Full name	Characteristics	Remarks	References
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase	*Low sensitivity and specificity *Distinguish acute from subacute MI in patients with positive troponins and negative CK or CK-MB	LDH1:LDH2 ratio >1 is specific for AMI	(51)
CK	Creatine kinase	*Higher sensitivity and specificity than LDH *Cannot detect minor myocardial injury	*MB2:MB1 ≥1.5 is in favor of AMI *CK-MB relative index (CK-MB/total CK*100) could be used to diagnose MI *Total CK and CK-MB are related to infarction size and prognosis of MI	(5, 52–54)
–	Myoglobin	*Has no specificity so negative values are more meaningful than positive *Rises early after MI	Used to evaluate infarction size and reperfusion	(5, 9, 55)
cTn	Cardiac troponin	Highest sensitivity and specificity among biomarkers applied to clinic	Golden standard	(5, 46)
H-FABP	Heart type fatty acid-binding protein	*Sense post-ischemic myocardial reperfusion injury *Prognose relatively long-term post-ischemia	High negative predictive value of H-FABP test can help to rule out AMI earlier	(56–62)
cMyC	Myosin-binding protein C	Rise and fall more rapidly after myocardial injury	To rule in/out AMI more effectively among those presenting early after symptom onset	(27, 63)