Table 4.

Biomarkers preexisted before MI occurred.

Abbreviation	Full name	Characteristics	Remarks	References
Glc	Glucose	Significantly increased in AMI	Lack specificity for MI	(4)
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase	Previously used MI biomarker	Lack specificity for MI	(5)
RNAs	RNAs (including microRNAs and LncRNAs)	Involved in every aspects of MI	Next generation biomarker for MI	(30–41)
S100	–	S100 family are essential in diagnosis and prognosis of MI.	–	(74–76)
HPA	Heparanase	Participate in mediating pathological process of MI	A predictive marker for high thrombus burden in patients with STEMI	(47, 77)
PIK3C2A	–	Low expression of PIK3C2A gene is an independent risk factor and could serve as a potential biomarker to predict risk of AMI	–	(78)
Copeptin	–	Combinated with hs-cTnI to detect suspected ACS patients with low hs-cTnI	Gender-specific	(79, 80)
Mitsugumin 53	MG53	Elevated serum MG53 levels shows a significant adverse outcome after a 3-year follow-up among patients with STEMI	–	(81)
The serum albumin-to-creatinine ratio	sACR	An independent prognostic marker and a useful marker for early risk stratification of patients with AMI	–	(82)