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. 2021 Feb 16;11:3932. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83141-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Radiogenomics maps resolve the regional intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR amplification status in GBM. Shown are two different image-localized biopsies (Biopsy #1, Biopsy #2) from the same GBM tumor in a single patient. For each biopsy, T1+C images (left) demonstrate the enhancing tumor segment (dark green outline, T1W+Contrast) and the peripheral non-enhancing tumor segment (light green outline, T2W lesion). Radiogenomics color maps for each biopsy (right) also show regions of predicted EGFR amplification (amp, red) and EGFR wildtype (wt, blue) status overlaid on the T1+C images. For biopsy #1 (green square), the radiogenomics map correctly predicted low EGFR copy number variant (CNV) and wildtype status with high predictive certainty (p < 0.05). Conversely for biopsy #2 (green circle), the maps correctly predicted high EGFR CNV and amplification status, also with high predictive certainty (p < 0.05). Note that both biopsies originated from the non-enhancing tumor segment, suggesting the feasibility for quantifying EGFR drug target status for residual subpopulations that are typically left unresected followed gross total resection.