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. 2021 Feb 16;11:3878. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80587-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of PACs on lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidants, and oxidative stress key transcription factors in Caco-2/15 cells. Proanthocyanidins (PACs, 250 µg/mL) were added to the apical cell compartment for 24 h prior to treatment with Fe/Asc (200 µM/2 mM) for 6 h at 37 °C. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring (A) MDA levels by HPLC. The protein expression of (B) SOD2, (C) GPx, (D) NRF2 and (E) Keap 1 was determined by Western blot. (F) The ratio NRF2/Keap1 was calculated. Results represent the means ± SEM of 3 independent experiments, each in triplicate. A representative Western blot is shown, illustrating an experiment in triplicate on the same gel and with the same exposure. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001 vs untreated cells (ctrl). ^#P < 0.05; ^##P < 0.01; ^###P < 0.001 vs Fe/Asc-treated cells. MDA malondialdehyde, SOD2 superoxide dismutase 2, GPx Glutathione peroxidase, NRF2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein.