Table 3.
Sociodemographic factors mediating the effect of maternal autonomy on child stunting.
| Model | Covariates | OR (95% confidence interval) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal autonomy | ||||||
| Low (ref) | Moderate | p value | High | |||
| 1 | Noneφ | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.072 | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.011 |
| 2 | Child’s age + sexφ | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.116 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.020 |
| 3 | Child’s age + sex + mother’s ageφ | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.098 | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.031 |
| 4 | Child’s age + sex + mother’s BMIφ | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.096 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.043 |
| 5 | Child’s age + sex + mother’s education levelφ | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.199 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.099 |
| 6 | Child’s age + sex + current pregnancy statusφ | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.120 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) | 0.021 |
| 7 | Child’s age + sex + family wealth indexφ | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.289 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) | 0.193 |
| 8 | Child’s age + sex + area of residenceφ | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.286 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.103 |
| 9 | Child’s age + sex + IFAφ | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.110 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.020 |
| 10 | Child’s age + sex + anthelmintic drugsφ | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.116 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.020 |
| 11 | All covariates mentioned aboveφ | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.226 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.396 |
| 12 | All covariates mentioned above except mother’s education level, family wealth index, and area of residenceφ | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.087 | 0.87 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.059 |
| 13 | All covariates mentioned above except mother’s education level, family wealth index, and area of residence‡ | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.343 | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 0.002 |
φAdjusted for multilevel clustering using the standard enumeration area (SEA) and survey year (MDHS 2010–2015/16) variables. ‡Adjusted for clustering using the SEA variable only. OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; IFA, iron and folic acid supplementation; MDHS, Malawi Demographic and Health Survey; ref, reference category. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant p values are in boldface.