Table 2.

Bidirectional associations between loneliness and chronic pain.

	Loneliness as a predictor of future chronic pain		Chronic pain as a predictor of loneliness
	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
Model 1
Adjusted for age and sex	1.74 (1.53-1.99)	<0.001	1.86 (1.62-2.13)	<0.001
Model 2
Additionally adjusted for baseline pain* or loneliness†	1.45 (1.25-1.69)*	<0.001	1.55 (1.32-1.81)†	<0.001
Model 3
Additionally adjusted for ethnicity, education, wealth, marital status, and physical activity	1.35 (1.16-1.58)	<0.001	1.42 (1.21-1.67)	<0.001
Model 4
Additionally adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms	1.25 (1.06-1.47)	0.007	1.34 (1.14-1.58)	0.001

* analyses of future chronic pain.

† analyses of future loneliness.

Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).