Table 2.

Parent Pain Relief Preferences, Analgesic Efficacy and Perceived Seriousness of Opioid Adverse Effects over Time

	Baseline (B)		Time 1 (Day 3)		Time 2 (Day 14)
	Control (C)	Stomp	Control (C)	Stomp	Control (C)	Stomp
Pain Relief Preference Scores (range −12 to +12)	−1.19 (3.11)	−0.48 (3.25)	−1.73 (3.51)	−1.78 (3.64)	−2.51 (3.59)	−2.67 (3.98)
		p=.007 v. C	p=.003 v. B	p=.009 v. B	p=.001 v. B	p<.001 v. B
Perceived seriousness of opioid-related adverse drug effects (each measured from 0–5)
Excessive-sedation	3.38 (1.35)	3.22 (1.35)	3.46 (1.33)	3.70 (1.21)	3.63 (1.32)	3.79 (1.22)
				p<.001 v. B		p<.001 v. B
Slowed breathing	4.21 (1.21)	4.09 (1.26)	4.33 (1.04)	4.48 (0.90)	4.45 (0.97)	4.56 (0.87)
				p<.001 v. B		p<.001 v. B
Addiction/Habit	4.69 (0.88)	4.65 (1.07)	4.72 (0.83)	4.86 (0.48)	4.70 (0.85)	4.80 (0.41)
				p=.003 v. B p=.016 v. C		p<.001 v. B
Nausea/vomiting	2.63 (1.33)	2.41 (1.37)	2.77 (1.39)	2.77 (1.22)	2.88 (1.44)	2.97 (1.39)
		p=.048 v. C		p=.005 v. B		p<.001 v. B
Constipation	2.91 (1.28)	2.89 (1.28)	3.07 (1.23)	3.03 (1.15)	3.12 (1.28)	3.15 (1.23) p<.034 v B
Analgesic self-efficacy (potential range in score from 0 to 35)
Analgesic efficacy	30.07 (4.39)	30.10 (4.54)	30.9 (3.66)	31.2 (3.68)	32.2 (3.25)	32.5 (3.22)
			p=.022 v. B	p=.002 v. B	p<.001 v. B	p<.001 v. B

Data presented as mean (SD). Comparisons were made with repeated measures analyses of variance and post-hoc tests.

Bonferroni’s corrections were applied and bolded scores are significantly different compared to either Baseline (B) or Control Group (C) Scores.