Table 1.
CD40/CD40L signal pathways in cellular immune response
| Cell | Signal pathway | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| B cell | TRAF2↑ → canonical NF-κB (p65:p65)↑ & noncanonical NF-κB (p52:Rc1B)↓ → cell proliferation & activation↑ | 15539150 |
| B cell | TRAF2↑ → MEKK1↑ → JNK & p38↑ → AP1↑ → cell proliferation & Ab production↑ | 17143273 |
| B cell | TRAF6↑ → JNK & p38↑ → cell proliferation, activation & Ab isotype switching↑ | 12354380 |
| WEHI 231 B cell | TRAF3↑ → PI3K↑ → NADPH oxidase↑ → ROS production↑ | 14688330 |
| A20 B cell | TRAF6↑ → PI3K↑ → AKT↑ → apoptosis↓ | 12637493 |
| B cell | JAK3↑ → STAT3↑ → CD23, ICAM-1 & lymphotoxin-α↑ | 9133417 |
| DC | TRAF2 & 3↑ → Lyn↑ → ERK1/2↑ → IL-1α/β & IL-1Ra↑ TRAF2 & 3↑ → Lyn↑ → p38↑ → IL12p40↑ TRAF2 & 3↑ → p38↑ → IL12p40↑ |
10880443 |
| MC/MΦ | TRAF6↑ → Src↑ → ERK1/2↑ → TNF-α IL-6 & IL-1β↑ | 15634933 |
| MC | JAK3↑ → STAT5↑ | 10395671 |
| Endothelial cell | TRAF6↑ → c-Cb1↑ → PI3K↑ → AKT ↑ → proliferation, motility, angiogenesis↑ & apoptosis↓ | 12637493 |
| Lung fibroblast | TRAF6↑ → canonical NF-κB (p65) & JNK↑ → IL-8 & IL-6↑ | 16143987 |
| Airway epithelial cell | TRAF3↑ → canonical NF-κB (p65:p65)↑ → RANTES↑ | 12122011 |
| 293T cell | TRAF6↑ → canonical NF-κB (p50:p65)↑ TRAF2 & 5↑ → canonical NF-κB (p50:p65)↑ TRAF2 & 5 noncanonical NF-κB (p52:RelB)↑ |
15708970 |
| 293T cell | Cytoplasmic tail-N → TRAF2, 3 & 5 ↑; Cytoplasmic tail-C → TRAF6 ↑ | 9990007 |
| Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cell | PVQET sequence of CD40 cytoplasmic domain → TRAF1, 2 & 3↑ QEPQEINF sequence of CD40 cytoplasmic domain → TRAF6↑ |
9718306 |
| HEK 293 cell | Affinity to trimeric CD40: trimeric TRAF2 > TRAF3 >> TRAF1 & 6 | 10433725 |
| HEK 293 cell | Affinity to CD40: TRAF2 & 3 > TRAF5 & 6 | 9990039 |
| HEK 293 cell | TRAF6↑ → Ras↑ → Raf↑ → MEKl↑ → ERK1/2↑; TRAF6↑ → ERK1/2↑ | 9432981 |
| Malignant urothelial cell | TRAF3↑ → JNK↑ → APl↑ → caspase-9↑ → caspase-3↑ → apoptosis ↑ | 16429118 |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; AKT, protein kinase B; AP1, activator protein 1; CD40L, CD40 ligand; DC, dendritic cell; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL, interleukin; JAK3, janus kinase 3; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Lyn, LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase; MC, monocyte; MΦ, macrophage; MEK1, MAPK/ERK kinasel; MEKK1, MAPK kinase kinase 1; NF-κΒ, nuclear factor kappa-B; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor.