Table 2.
CD40/CD40L checkpoint molecules interaction, effector function and immunological process
| CD40L source | CD40 source | Effector function | Immunological process | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC | BC | BC proliferation, survival, differentiation, Ab production, IgD/M to IgA/G/E switching, memory response & costimulatory activity ↑ | TC-dependent humoral immunity; Cellular immunity | 27573866 29669250 7533092 |
| Mast cell ILC Neutrophil NK cell |
BC | BC proliferation, differentiation, Ab production, IgD/M to IgA/G/E switching & memory response↑ | TC-independent humoral immunity | 20101023 24562309 22197976 17630353 |
| TC Platelet |
MC/MΦ | MC/MΦ differentiation, costimulatory activity, cytokine production & anti-microbial activity ↑; MC apoptosis↓; TC Th1 response, CD8+ CTL response & memory CTL maintenance↑ | Cellular immunity | 15100268, 7594496 7843250, 8929557 27554817,8627184 10810999 |
| TC Platelet |
DC | DC maturation, proliferation, costimulatory activity & cytokine production↑; DC apoptosis↓; TC Th1 response, CD8+ CTL response & memory CTL maintenance↑ | Cellular immunity | 12893749 22154528 32453421 20811042 |
| TC Platelet |
Neutrophil | Oxidative burst & anti-microbial activity ↑ | Cellular immunity | 29518426 23785403 |
| TC | Platelet | Platelet activation & release of RANTES↑ | Thrombosis | 14764664 |
| TC Platelet |
EC | EC IL-8, MCP-1 & adhesion molecules↑ | Tissue inflammation | 7500031 9468137 |
| TC Platelet |
VSMC | VSMC proliferation, MMPs & adhesion molecules↑ | Tissue inflammation | 9285647 28717419 |
| TC | Fibroblast | Fibroblast IL6/8, RANTES & adhesion molecules↑; TC extravasation↑ | Tissue inflammation | 9144479 |
| TC | KC | KC IL8, TNF-α & adhesion molecules↑ | Tissue inflammation | 8898941 8977185 |
| TC | Epithelia | Epithelia IL6/8/15 & RANTES↑ | Tissue inflammation | 11053480, 11134253 |
| TC Platelet |
HPC | HPC proliferation, myeloid lineage differentiation & megakaryocytopoiesis↑ | Myelopoiesis | 9022082 9016882 |
| Platelet | Platelet | Platelet activation↑ | Thrombosis | 12676820 |
| Platelet | Leukocyte | Platelet-MC & platelet-neutrophil aggregates↑ Leukocyte extravasation↑ | Thrombosis Tissue inflammation |
12676820 27152726 |
| TC | Tumor cell | Proliferation (malignant BC), IL-6, TNF-α costimulatory activity & apoptosis↑ | Tumor cell fate | 18497318,10068672 12070030, 9182676 |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; BC, B cell; CD40L, CD40 ligand; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; EC, endothelial cell; HPC, hemopoietic progenitor cell; IL, interleukin; ILC, innate lymphoid cell; MC, monocyte; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MΦ, macrophage; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; NK cell, natural killer cell; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor; TC, T cell; Th1, T helper1; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.