Table 1.

Study characteristics for all studies examining prospective associations of inflammatory biomarkers and depression included in systematic review.

Author	Year	Country	Analytic Sample	Baseline Age	% Female	% White	Follow-up (Years)a	In Meta-analysis?	Depression assessed via interview?	Biomarkers Assessed (Method)	CRP>10b?	Covariates?	Exclusion Criteriac	Quality
Khandaker et al.	2014	UK	4415	9	48.0	98	8.8	Yes	No	Blood	No	a , b, c, d, e, f, s	d	7
Adriaensen et al.	2014	Belgium	303	84.3	62.7	nr	1.7	No	No	Blood	No	a, b, e, f, n, o, s	a	5
Deverts et al.	2010	USA	2544	40.2	55.0	58.2	5.0	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, s	d	6
Elovainio et al.	2006	Finland	1201	22.5	59.4	nr	9.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, b, d, e, h, i, j, k, l, s	a	5
Simanek et al.	2014	USA	263	54	57.4	13.7	1.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	h, i, o, p	c	5
Au et al.	2015	UK	3397	64.6	56	99	4.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, b, d, e, f, h, j, k, l, n, o, s	none	5
Copeland et al.	2012	USA	1334	14.2	49	89.7	1.0	Yes	Yes	Finger	Yes	a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, o, s	none	5
Brown et al.	2016	USA	3075	73.6	52	58.3	10.0	No	No	Blood	No CRP	a, b, e, n, o, q	d	4
Hiles et al.	2015	Australia	1410	65.6	50	nr	4.5	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	a, b, e, f, h, i, j, n, s	a, b, d	5
Milaneschi et al.	2009	Italy	550	75	56	nr	3.0	No	No	Blood	No		c	6
de Mello Franco et al.	2017	Brazil	1508	41.31	19	nr	2.2	No	No	Blood	Yes	a, b, e, h, j, n	a, d	5
Das et al.	2017	USA	2216	67.11	51	80.1	5.0	Yes	No	Finger	Yes*	a, b, c, d, e, f, g, n, o	none	6
Stewart et al.	2009	USA	263	61	52	86.7	6.3	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, s	a, b	6
Kern et al.	2014	Sweden	86	72.5	100	nr	16.5	No	Yes	CSF	No CRP	a, e, h	a	4
Zalli et al.	2016	Holland	656	73	60	nr	5.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, b, e, f, h, n, q	b, d	6
Simanek et al.	2019	USA	771	69.4	55	nr	1.5	No	No	Blood2	No	a, b, c, d, e, g, h, i, o	b, c	6
Matthews et al.	2010	USA	1714	46.2	100	51	1.0	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	a, c, d, e, f, g, h, j, n, o, s	a, b, d	6
Baune et al.	2012	Australia	722	78.8	55	nr	2.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, b, d, e, h, n, o, q, s	a, c	5
Duivis et al.	2015	Holland	1166	11.1	54	nr	3.0	Yes	No	Blood	No*	a, b, d, e, h, j	d	6
Jonker et al.	2017	Holland	1084	16.2	54	nr	2.7	Yes	Yes	Blood	Yes	, b, c, d, e, h, i, s	c, d	6
Casaletto et al.	2018	USA	165	72.6	49	nr	1.9	Yes	No	Blood	No*	a, b, d, s	c, d	4
Kim et al.	2018	Korea	610	72.8	59	nr	2.4	Yes	Yes	Blood	No CRP	, b, f, g, j, n, s	c	5
Luciano et al.	2012	Scotland	456	69.5	50	nr	3.0	Yes	No	Blood	No*	a, b, e, j, o	a	6
Luukinen et al.	2010	Finland	404	nr	61	nr	2.5	No	No	Blood	Yes		c, d	5
Matsushima et al.	2015	Japan	64	72.05	74	nr	3.0	Yes	No	Blood	No		b, c	3
Nelson et al.	2018	Australia	63	14.84	41	77.8	0.6	Yes	No	Saliva	No	a, b, e, h, q, s	b, c	3
Niles et al.	2018	USA	13375	67.79	60	81.61	4.0	Yes	No	Finger	Yes	a, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, n, s	d	5
Pasco et al.	2010	Australia	644	47	100	nr	10.0	No	Yes	Blood	No	a, e, h, j, n, o	none	6
Tully et al.	2015	Australia	1167	54.13	0	nr	4.9	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, e, h, j, n	a, b, c	5
Walss-Bass et al.	2018	USA	195	13.37	54	58	0.9	No	No	Blood	No*	,	c, d	3
Oddy et al.	2018	Australia	843	14	51	88	3.0	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	a, c, d, e, h, i, j, s	d	5
Jones et al.	2017	USA	7477	63.47	100	53.8	15.4	Yes	No	Blood	No*	a, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, o, s	d	5
Chiang et al.	2019	USA	187	16.4	57	nr	2.0	Yes	No	Finger	Yes	a, b, d, e, h, i, n, o	d	5
van den Biggelaar et al.	2007	Holland	267	85	63	nr	1.0	Yes	No	Blood	No	e, f, h, n, q, s	b, c	6
Glaus et al.	2018	Switzerland	2580	43.94	61	96.39	5.8	No	Yes	Blood	Yes	a, b, c, d, e, h, j, n, o, s	d	7
Caserta et al.	2011	USA	141	9.31	46	47	0.5	No	No	Blood	No CRP	a, b, d, e, s	a	3
Mac Giollabhui et al.	2019	USA	288	16.34	51	41	1.2	Yes	No	Blood	Yes	e, f, g, q, s	a, c, d	6
Forti et al.	2010	Italy	652	74.54	55	nr	3.9	Yes	No	Blood	No	a, b, d, e, n, o, q, s	c	5

^a= If more than two follow-up points of unequal length were included in the study, the average was calculated for the purpose of meta-regression.

^b= Were CRP values greater than or equal to 10mg/L excluded. Where alternative cut-offs were used they are highlighted with “*” and marked “Yes” if they use a more conservative cut-off and “No” if they use a more liberal cut-off.

^c= Represents a selection of the most important and common exclusion criteria used across studies.

¹= Median age reported.

²= 32.4% assessed via venipuncture.

nr = not reported; Finger = Blood drawn via finger prick; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid;

Covariates: a = age, b = sex, c = race, d = socio-economic status, e = index of body mass/body fat, f = baseline depression, g = baseline inflammatory biomarker, h = smoking status, i = alcohol use, j = physical activity, k = triglycerides, l = cholesterol, m = glucose, n = medical diagnosis, o = medication use, p = stress, q = cognitive functioning, r = other

Exclusion criteria (non-exhaustive list): a = medical diagnosis, b = medication use, c = psychiatric diagnosis, d = acute infection.