Table 2.

Transgenic mice line used for stem cell population in the dental pulp

Gene	Marked cell population	Cre transgenic line	Gene manipulation	Findings	Ref.
Wnt1	All neural crest cell lineage	Wnt1-cre	-	Clonal Wnt1-cre cells differentiate into neural crest cell lineage in vitro culture	Janebodin et al. 2011
		Wnt1-cre	-	Implanted Wnt1-cre cells promote bone healing in critical-size calvaria bone defect	Collignon et al. 2019
		Wnt1-cre	Wnt1-cre; Tgfr b2fl/fl	Dentin thickness and tooth size are decreased with reduction of Col1a1 and Dspp expression	Oka et al. 2007
		Wnt1-cre	Wnt1-cre; KLF 4fl/fl	Dentin mineralization is impaired and root pulp/root canal are enlarged	Tao et al. 2019
Gli1	Perivascular cells in the incisor	Gli1-creER	-	Differentiate to all mesenchymal cells in the dental pulp and located at reparative dentin after tooth injury	Zhao et al. 2014
	All root progenitor cells in the molar	Gli1-creER	Gli1-creER;Bmpr1αfl/fl	Failure of tooth root formation with lack of Dspp expression in the periapical region	Feng et al. 2017
		Gli1-creER	Gli1-creER;SmoM2	Shorter root with reduction of Ki67+ proliferative cells	Liu et al. 2015
NG2	Pericytes	NG2-creER	-	Differentiate into Dspp+ odontoblasts after mandible damage	Feng et al. 2011
		NG2-creER	-	Differentiate into Dspp+ odontoblasts at the tip of incisors	Pang et al. 2016
αSMA	Pericytes	aSMA-creER	-	Differentiate into Col2.3-GFP+ cells composed Dspp+ odontoblasts and Bsp+ osteoblasts in reparative dentin after pulp exposure	Vidovic et al. 2017
		aSMA-creER	-	FGF2 promotes aSMA+ cells to differentiate into Col2.3-GFP+ odontoblasts in reparative dentin after pulp exposure	Vidovic et al. 2018
		aSMA-creER	-	Proliferate in dental pulp and differentiate into some odontoblasts after mild dentin injury	Vidovic et al. 2019
PLP	Schwann cell precursor cells	PLP-creER	-	Differentiate into pulp cells and odontoblasts during tooth development and regeneration after tooth damage	Kaukua et al. 2014
Sox10		Sox10-creER	-
Osx	Mesenchym al root progenitor cells in the molar	Osx-cre	Osx-cre;Bmp2fl/fl	Failure of tooth root formation with reduction of Dmpl, Col1al and Osx expression	Rakian et al. 2013
		Osx-cre	Osx-cre; Tgfrbf l/fl	Failure of tooth root formation and delayed tooth eruption with reduction of Dspp and Bglap expression	Wang et al. 2013
		Osx-cre	Osx-cre;IFT140fl/fl	Lead to shorter root and thin dentin with loss of primary cilia and impair reparative dentin formation in a tooth drilling model	Li et al. 2018
		Osx-cre	Osx-cre;Partorfl/fl	Lead to small tooth volume and reduce of proliferation, differentiation of odontoblasts and Dspp expression	Xie et al. 2019
		Osx-cre	Osx-cre;PPRfl/fl	Disrupt tooth root formation and failure of tooth eruption with reduction of EdU+ proliferative cells	Ono et al. 2016
		Osx-creER		Differentiate into odontoblasts, cementoblasts, PDL cells and alveolar cryptal bone osteoblasts	Takahashi et al. 2017
Prrx1	Mesenchym al cells in the region of pulp horns	Prrx1-cre	Prrx1-cre;Sirt1TG	Increase tooth size with upregulation of Dspp, Dmpl and Ocn expression	Wang et al. 2018
CD90/Thy1	Slow cycling cells in the incisor	CD90/Thy1-cre	-	CD90/Thyl+ cells are quiescent in adulthood but proliferate rapidly and differentiate into pulp cells and odontoblasts after clipping of the incisor	An et al. 2018a
Axin2	TACs in the incisor	Axin2-creER	Axin2-creER;Wlsfl/fl	Axin2+ cells located in the proximal region of the incisor, transiently proliferate and differentiate into dental pulp cells and odontoblasts by 2 weeks	An et al. 2018b
	Odontoblasts at the periphery of the pulp	Axin2-creER	Axin2-creER;Wlsfl/fl	Proliferate rapidly and differentiate into Dspp+ odontoblasts in reparative dentin after pulp exposure	Babb et al. 2017
PDGFRβ	TACs in the incisor	Pdgfrb-creER	-	PDGFRβ+ cells mark most of CL-MSCs and MTACs in the incisor and differentiate into odontoblasts	Walker et al. 2019