TABLE 1.
Summary of gut microbiota and their changes in the fecal samples of PD.
Phylum | Family | Genus | Metabolite | Alteration | References |
Firmicutes | Down/Up | GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, 2017; Xu et al., 2019 | |||
Clostridiaceae | Clostridium | – | Up | Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |
Eubacteriaceae | Acetobacterium | – | Up | GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, 2017 | |
Veillonellaceae | Veillonella | – | Up | Xu et al., 2019 | |
Lachnospiraceae | Anaerostipes | – | Up | GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators, 2018 | |
Dorea | – | Down | |||
Blautia | – | Down | Spillantini et al., 1997; Xu et al., 2019 | ||
Roseburia | – | Down | Spillantini et al., 1997; Xu et al., 2019 | ||
Coprococcus | – | Down | |||
Fusicatenibacter | – | Down | Spillantini et al., 1997 | ||
Faecalibacterium | – | Down | Spillantini and Goedert, 2018 | ||
Lachnospira | Nicotinic acid Pantothenic acid | Down/Up | Spillantini et al., 1997; Kim and Alcalay, 2017; Xu et al., 2019 | ||
Pseudobutyrivibrio | – | Down | Spillantini et al., 1997 | ||
Lactobacillaceae | Lactobacter | – | Up | Kim and Alcalay, 2017; Puspita et al., 2017 | |
Streptococcaceae | Streptococcus | Cadaverine | Down/Up | Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |
Ruminococcaceae | Anaerotruncus | – | Up | GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, 2017 | |
Bacteroidetes | Down/Up | Kim and Alcalay, 2017; Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |||
Bacteroidaceae | Bacteroides | – | Down/Up | Rocha et al., 2018; Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |
Odoribacteriaceae | Odoribacter | – | Down | Spillantini et al., 1997; De Virgilio et al., 2016 | |
Rikenellaceae | – | Down | |||
Prevotellaceae | Prevotella | – | Down/Up | Bose and Beal, 2016; Rocha et al., 2018 | |
Porphyromonas | – | Up | Spillantini et al., 1997 | ||
Proteobacteria | Up | De Virgilio et al., 2016; Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |||
Alcaligenaceae | – | Down | |||
Comamonadaceae | – | Down | |||
Desulfovibrionaceae | Desulfovibrio | – | Up | ||
Desulfohalobiaceae | Desulfonauticus | – | Up | ||
Enterobacteriaceae | Down/Up | De Virgilio et al., 2016; Rocha et al., 2018 | |||
Enterobacter | – | Up | |||
Escherichia | – | Up | |||
Serratia | Nicotinic acid | Up | |||
Oscillospira | – | Down/Up | Spillantini et al., 1997; Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | ||
Corynebacterium | – | Up | Spillantini et al., 1997 | ||
Sutterellaceae | Sutterella | – | Down | ||
Comamonadaceae | Comamonas | – | Up | ||
Actinobacteria | Up | Hou et al., 2019 | |||
Bifidobacteriaceae | Bifidobacterium | Pantothenic acid Pyroglutamic acid | Up | GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, 2017; Kim and Alcalay, 2017 | |
Coriobacteriaceae | Slackia | – | Up | ||
Microbacteriaceae | – | Up | GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, 2017 | ||
Brevibacteriaceae | Brevibacterium | – | Down | Spillantini and Goedert, 2018 | |
Verrucomicrobia | Up | De Virgilio et al., 2016; Santos Garcia et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2019 | |||
Verrucomicrobiaceae | Akkermansia | – | Up | Kim and Alcalay, 2017; Santos Garcia et al., 2019 | |
Prosthecobacter | – | Up | |||
Cyanobacteria | Down | Hou et al., 2019 | |||
Aphanizomenonaceae | Dolichospermum | – | Down |