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. 2021 Feb 3;11:619458. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.619458

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Copyright © 2021 Giuliani, Sarti and Di Virgilio.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic rendition of the basic elements of the purinergic signalling. Ectonucleotidases, NTPDase1/CD39, NAD glycohydrolase/CD38, NPPs and NT5E/CD73, hydrolyse extracellular ATP and NAD⁺, generating ADP, AMP, and adenosine (ADO). Extracellular ATP and ADP activate different P2X ionotropic and/or P2Y metabotropic receptors, leading to changes in the intracellular ion and/or cAMP concentration. Extracellular ADO stimulates P1 receptors responsible of modulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and leading to changes in cAMP and Ca²⁺ concentration.