Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Author_Year | Countries (Area) | Study period | Endemicity | Study population | Antimalarial drugs evaluated | Molecular markers investigated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRICAN COUNTRIES | ||||||
| Djimdé et al. (2008)a | Mali (Bougoula-Hameau) | 2002 to 2004 | Hyperendemic | ≥6 months | AS; AS + AQ; AS + SP | Pfcrt, Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfmdr1 |
| Happi et al. (2009) | Nigeria (Ibadan) | 2006 to 2007 | Hyperendemic | ≤10 years | AL | Pfmdr1, PfATPase6 |
| Karema et al. (2010)a | Rwanda (Mashesha and Rukara) | 2006 | Not specified | 6–59 months | AS + CPG-DDS; AQ + SP | Pfdhps, Pfdhfr |
| Somé et al. (2010) | Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | Not specified | Holoendemic | ≥6 months | AL; AQ + SP; DHA + PPQ | Pfmdr1, Pfcrt, Pfdhps, Pfdhfr |
| Baliraine and Rosenthal (2011) | Uganda (Kampala) | 2004 to 2008 | Not specified | Children (1–10 years) | AL; AS + AQ; AQ + SP | Pfmdr1 |
| Gadalla et al. (2011)a | Sudan (Asar, Daraweesh, and Abu Adam) | 2012 | Not specified | All age | AL | Pfmdr1, PfATPase6 |
| Ngasala et al. (2011a)a | Tanzania (Fukayosi and Yombo) | 2007 to 2008 | Not specified | 6–59 months | AL | Pfmdr1, Pfcrt |
| Ngasala et al. (2011b)a | Tanzania (Ngeta and Mwanabwito) | 2007 | Not specified | 3–59 months | AL | Pfmdr1, Pfcrt |
| Kamugisha et al. (2012) | Tanzania (Igombe-Mwanza) | 2010 to 2011 | Not specified | 6–60 months | AL | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfmdr1, Pfcrt, PfATPase6 |
| Gadalla et al. (2013) | Sudan (Kassala) | 2012 | Moderate perennial | All age | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfmdr1 |
| Kiaco et al. (2015) | Angola (Luanda) | 2011 to 2013 | Mesoendemic | All age | AL | PfATPase6, Pfk13, Pfmdr1 |
| Warsame et al. (2015) | Somalia (Jamame, Janale and Jowhar) | 2011 | Not specified | ≥6 months | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Otienoburu et al. (2016) | Liberia (Nimba) | 2016 | Not specified | Not specified | AL; AS + AQ | Pfcrt, Pfmdr1 |
| Sondo et al. (2016) | Burkina Faso (Nanoro) | Not specified | Not specified | All age | AL; AS + AQ | Pfcrt, Pfmdr1 |
| Yeka et al. (2016) | Uganda (Apac, Mubende and Kanungu) | 2013 to 2014 | Mesoendemic | 6–59 months | AL; AS + AQ | Pfcrt, Pfmdr1 |
| Plucinski et al. (2017) | Angola (Benguela, Lunda Sul and Zaire) | 2015 | Mesoendemic, Hyperendemic | 6–59 months | AL; AS + AQ; DHA + PPQ | Pfcytb, Pfk13, Pfmdr1 |
| Warsame et al. (2017) | Somalia (Janale, Jowhar and Bosaso) | 2013 to 2015 | Moderate-to-high; Low | ≥6 months | AL; AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Baraka et al. (2018) | The Democratic Republic of Congo (Lisungi), and Uganda (Kazo) | 2012–2014 | Not specified | 6–59 months | AL; AS + AQ | Pfmdr1 |
| Davlantes et al. (2018) | Angola (Benguela, Lunda Sul and Zaire) | 2017 | Mesoendemic, Hyperendemic | 6–59 months | AL; AS + AQ; DHA + PPQ | Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfk13, Pfpm2 |
| Kakolwa et al. (2018) | Tanzania (Chamwino, Butimba, Kibaha, and Rufiji, Kyela, Kilombero, Muheza, Nagaga and Ujiji) | 2011, 2012, 2015 | Not specified | 6–59 months (2011), 6 months-10 yrs (2012), ≥6 months (2015) | AL | Pfk13, Pfpm2 |
| Smith et al. (2018) | Sierra Leone (Bo, Kenema and Makeni) | 2016 | Not specified | 6–59 months | AL; AS + AQ; DHA + PPQ | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk13, Pfpm2 |
| INDIA | ||||||
| Saha et al. (2012)a | West Bengal, Jalpaiguri | 2009 to 2010 | Not specified | ≥6 months; > 5 yrs | AL; AS + SP; AS + MQ | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfcrt, PfATPase6 |
| Mishra et al. (2012) | 25 sentinel sites | 2009 to 2010 | Not specified | All age | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Ganguly et al. (2013)a | West Bengal (Purulia) | Not specified | Not specified | All age | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Srivastava et al. (2013) | Ranchi, Meghalaya and Keonjhar | 2007 to 2010 | Hyperendemic | All age | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Mishra et al. (2014) | Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang, Miao), Tripura (Gomati, Silachari), Mizoram (Lunglei, Tlabung) | 2012 | Not specified | All age | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Mishra et al. (2017) | Balaghat and Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh | 2012 to 2014 | Not specified | ≥1 yrs | AS + SP | Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk13 |
| Das et al. (2018) | West Bengal | 2013 to 2014 | Not specified | Not specified | AS + SP | Pfk13 |
ACT: Artemisinin-based combination therapy; AL: Artemether + Lumefantrine; AS + AQ: artesunate + amodiaquine; AS + CPG-DDS: Artesunate + Chlorproguanil-Dapsone; AS + MQ: artesunate + mefloquine; AS + SP: artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; DHA + PPQ: dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine; GTS: Global technical strategy; Pf: Plasmodium falciparum; Pfatpase6: Pf Ca2+-ATPase; Pfcrt: Pf chloroquine resistance transporter; Pfdhfr: Pf dihydrofolate reductase; Pfcytb: Pf cytochrome B; Pfdhps: Pf dihydropteroate synthase; Pfk13: Pf Kelch gene; Pfmdr1: Pf multidrug resistance protein 1; Pfpm2: Pf plasmepsin 2.
a
These studies were conducted in rural areas.