Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and matched controls at the index date
| Characteristics | Cases (n=317) | Controls (n=3150) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 52 (13) | 52 (13) |
| Female, n (%) | 117 (36.9) | 1161 (36.9) |
| Duration of follow-up, days, mean (SD) | 478 (512) | 487 (483) |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 71 (22.4) | 707 (22.4) |
| Congestive heart failure | 20 (6.3) | 84 (2.7) |
| Diabetes | 52 (16.4) | 331 (10.5) |
| Liver disease | 31 (9.8) | 230 (7.3) |
| Pulmonary disease | 20 (6.3) | 183 (5.8) |
| Cancer | 56 (17.7) | 132 (4.2) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 0 (0 to 2) | 0 (0 to 1) |
| PPIs prescribed at the last time, n (%) | ||
| Lansoprazole | 118 (37.2) | 1148 (36.4) |
| Esomeprazole | 86 (27.1) | 758 (24.1) |
| Rabeprazole | 70 (22.1) | 737 (23.4) |
| Omeprazole | 25 (7.9) | 249 (7.9) |
| Vonoprazan | 18 (5.7) | 258 (8.2) |
| Current use of nephrotoxic drugs, n (%)* | 199 (62.8) | 1000 (31.8) |
| Current use of NSAIDs, n (%) | 87 (27.4) | 297 (9.4) |
| Current use of penicillins, n (%) | 24 (7.6) | 84 (2.7) |
| Current use of macrolides, n (%) | 20 (6.3) | 157 (5.0) |
| Current use of cephalosporins, n (%) | 43 (13.6) | 149 (4.7) |
| Current use of fluoroquinolones, n (%) | 26 (8.2) | 94 (3.0) |
*Four cases (1.3%) had missing data.
NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.;