Table 2.

Effect of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Exposure of PPIs	Cases (%), n=317	Controls (%), n=3150	OR (95% CI)*	OR (95% CI), adjusted†
Current use	148 (46.7)	655 (20.8)	4.09 (3.09 to 5.44)	2.79 (2.06 to 3.79)
Recent use	23 (7.3)	416 (13.2)	1.26 (0.72 to 2.13)	1.02 (0.57 to 1.76)
Past use	146 (46.1)	2079 (66.0)	Reference	Reference

Current use, the drug use within 30 days before the index date; recent use, the drug use within 90 days, but not within 30 days, before the index date; past use, the drug use after the cohort entry, but not within 90 days before the index date.

*ORs of AKI for current/recent PPI users compared with past users were estimated using a conditional logistic regression model.

†Adjusted ORs were estimated by entering the potential confounders into the model.