Table 3.

Effect of NSAID or antibiotic use on the risk of AKI among current PPI users

Current use	Cases (n=317)	Controls (n=3150)	OR (95% CI)*	OR (95% CI), adjusted†
PPIs with NSAIDs	51	95	3.92 (2.40 to 6.52)	3.12 (1.84 to 5.37)
PPIs without NSAIDs	97	560	Reference	Reference
PPIs with penicillins	15	73	0.75 (0.39 to 1.39)	0.83 (0.42 to 1.59)
PPIs without penicillins	133	582	Reference	Reference
PPIs with macrolides	12	83	0.46 (0.21 to 0.89)	0.47 (0.21 to 0.96)
PPIs without macrolides	136	572	Reference	Reference
PPIs with cephalosporins	25	55	2.57 (1.43 to 4.62)	1.88 (1.02 to 3.47)
PPIs without cephalosporins	123	600	Reference	Reference
PPIs with fluoroquinolones	17	31	3.08 (1.50 to 6.38)	2.35 (1.12 to 4.95)
PPIs without fluoroquinolones	131	624	Reference	Reference

*ORs of AKI for current drug combinations compared with PPIs alone were estimated using the conditional logistic regression model.

†Adjusted ORs were estimated by entering the potential confounders into the model.

AKI, acute kidney injury; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.