Table 4.

Crude incidence rates of AKI

Exposure	Number of cases	Person-year	Incidence rate per 10 000 person-year (95% CI)
Current use of PPIs	148	78 780	18.8 (15.9 to 22.1)
Recent use of PPIs	23	43 399	5.3 (3.4 to 8.0)
Past use of PPIs	146	397 180	3.7 (3.1 to 4.3)
Concomitant use
PPIs with NSAIDs	51	13 315	38.3 (28.5 to 50.4)
PPIs with penicillins	15	7926	18.9 (10.6 to 31.2)
PPIs with macrolides	12	9904	12.1 (6.3 to 21.2)
PPIs with cephalosporins	25	5555	45.0 (29.1 to 66.4)
PPIs with fluoroquinolones	17	3970	42.8 (24.9 to 68.6)

Crude incidence rates were calculated by dividing the total number of cases in each exposure category by the category’s person-years of follow-up. The Poisson distribution was used to determine 95% CIs for incidence rates.

AKI, acute kidney injury; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.