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. 2021 Feb 2;7(2):e06187. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06187

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of a TLR4 antagonist LPS-RS on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit-induced pro-inflammatory responses in human THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. Cells were pretreated with 1 μg/ml of LPS-RS for 30 min, and then stimulated with 100 ng/ml of S1 or LPS for 6 h (A) or 1 h (B). Concentration of Pam2CSK4 is 10 ng/ml (A). (A) TNF-α mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR. (B) Expression and phosphorylation levels of target proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM (n = 3 or 4). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test.