Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
| Overall (n = 620) | First period (n = 35) | Second period (n = 168) | Third period (n = 164) | Fourth period (n = 125) | Fifth period (n = 94) | Sixth period (n = 34) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date range | Mar 01–May 15 | Mar 01–Mar 14 | Mar 15–Mar 28 | Mar 29–April 11 | April 12–April 25 | April 26–May 09 | May 10–May 15 | |
| Hospital occupancy (%)a, median, [interquartile range (IQR)] | 54.5 (45.0–63.4) | 70.7 (63.8–85.8) | 55.35 (44.1–61.9) | 48.1 (41.7–55.0) | 53.7 (43.0–61.1) | 59.4 (52.8–65.6) | 61.7 (51.1–72.4) | < 0.001 |
| COVID-19-positive/PUI census (%)b, median (IQR) | 9.8 (6.6–14.8) | 4.7 (1.2–7.7) | 10.5 (8.0–14.9) | 12.0 (8.2–15.7) | 9.2 (5.6–16.7) | 8.1 (3.9–14.3) | 7.2 (4.1–9.6) | < 0.001 |
| COVID-19-positive census (%)c, median (IQR) | 4.6 (1.7–7.7) | 0.4 (0.0–2.1) | 2.1 (0.8–4.5) | 5.6 (3.3–8.2) | 6.3 (3.4–10.7) | 5.8 (2.7–10.7) | 4.9 (1.6–6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years), mean [standard deviation (SD)] | 63.5 (15.7) | 63.7 (15.7) | 63.1 (14.6) | 63.4 (15.5) | 65.8 (14.7) | 61.9 (17.2) | 61.7 (19.6) | 0.514 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 430 (69.4) | 21 (60.0) | 119 (70.8) | 124 (75.6) | 83 (66.4) | 58 (61.7) | 25 (73.5) | 0.155 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.2 (24.3–33.1) | 28.3 (23.5–32.5) | 30.0 (25.8–34.1) | 27.2 (23.6–31.2) | 28.1 (24.4–33.9) | 27.2 (22.9–32.5) | 28.7 (24.3–35.3) | 0.002 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.012 | |||||||
| White or Caucasian | 267 (43.1) | 22 (62.9) | 88 (52.4) | 54 (32.9) | 53 (42.4) | 36 (38.3) | 14 (41.2) | |
| Asian | 53 (8.5) | 5 (14.3) | 13 (7.7) | 15 (9.1) | 9 (7.2) | 10 (10.6) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Black or African-American | 31 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (6.5) | 11 (6.7) | 6 (4.8) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 181 (29.2) | 3 (8.6) | 37 (22.0) | 52 (31.7) | 41 (32.8) | 34 (36.2) | 14 (41.2) | |
| Other/unknown | 88 (14.2) | 5 (14.3) | 19 (11.3) | 32 (19.5) | 16 (12.8) | 12 (12.8) | 4 (11.8) | |
| Median income, mean (SD) | 68,943.4 (18,019.3) | 60,106.7 (18,987.3) | 66,875.7 (17,983.1) | 67,368.2 (16,857.2) | 71,623.9 (17,064.6) | 76,244.6 (18,939.9) | 65,814.1 (16,360.8) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.170 | |||||||
| Never smoker | 368 (59.4) | 21 (60.0) | 96 (57.1) | 102 (62.2) | 71 (56.8) | 56 (59.6) | 22 (64.7) | |
| Current smoker | 31 (5.0) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (3.6) | 7 (4.3) | 10 (8.0) | 6 (6.4) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Former smoker | 174 (28.1) | 12 (34.3) | 60 (35.7) | 41 (25.0) | 32 (25.6) | 20 (21.3) | 9 (26.5) | |
| Unknown | 47 (7.6) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (3.6) | 14 (8.5) | 12 (9.6) | 12 (12.8) | 2 (5.9) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.005 | |||||||
| Not married | 279 (45.0) | 13 (37.1) | 67 (39.9) | 62 (37.8) | 65 (52.0) | 52 (55.3) | 20 (58.8) | |
| Married | 303 (48.9) | 22 (62.9) | 94 (56.0) | 88 (53.7) | 53 (42.4) | 33 (35.1) | 13 (38.2) | |
| Unknown | 38 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.2) | 14 (8.5) | 7 (5.6) | 9 (9.6) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 195 (31.5) | 12 (34.3) | 50 (29.8) | 45 (27.4) | 41 (32.8) | 36 (38.3) | 11 (32.4) | 0.588 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 174 (28.1) | 9 (25.7) | 41 (24.4) | 51 (31.1) | 31 (24.8) | 33 (35.1) | 9 (26.5) | 0.420 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 71 (11.5) | 4 (11.4) | 13 (7.7) | 14 (8.5) | 23 (18.4) | 7 (7.4) | 10 (29.4) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 53 (8.5) | 5 (14.3) | 13 (7.7) | 12 (7.3) | 11 (8.8) | 7 (7.4) | 5 (14.7) | 0.588 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 48 (7.7) | 5 (14.3) | 13 (7.7) | 6 (3.7) | 11 (8.8) | 11 (11.7) | 2 (5.9) | 0.138 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), n (%) | 43 (6.9) | 3 (8.6) | 11 (6.5) | 6 (3.7) | 13 (10.4) | 8 (8.5) | 2 (5.9) | 0.341 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 32 (5.2) | 4 (11.4) | 11 (6.5) | 4 (2.4) | 9 (7.2) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.108 |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 9 (1.5) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.8) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.802 |
| End-stage renal disease (ESRD), n (%) | 17 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (2.4) | 6 (4.8) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (5.9) | 0.319 |
| Total comorbidities, n (%) | 0.026 | |||||||
| 0 | 277 (44.7) | 10 (28.6) | 74 (44.0) | 74 (45.1) | 63 (50.4) | 40 (42.6) | 16 (47.1) | |
| 1 | 163 (26.3) | 10 (28.6) | 52 (31.0) | 52 (31.7) | 19 (15.2) | 24 (25.5) | 6 (17.6) | |
| 2 + | 180 (29.0) | 15 (42.9) | 42 (25.0) | 38 (23.2) | 43 (34.4) | 30 (31.9) | 12 (35.3) | |
| Initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, mean (SD) | 3.97 (2.99) | 3.34 (2.63) | 3.61 (3.04) | 4.33 (3.02) | 4.16 (2.79) | 3.72 (2.95) | 4.62 (3.48) | 0.104 |
| World Health Organization (WHO) score at admission (%) | 0.001 | |||||||
| 2 | 14 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.8) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (3.2) | 5 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3 | 133 (21.5) | 10 (28.6) | 38 (22.6) | 30 (18.3) | 23 (18.4) | 26 (27.7) | 6 (17.6) | |
| 4 | 293 (47.3) | 18 (51.4) | 85 (50.6) | 80 (48.8) | 56 (44.8) | 35 (37.2) | 19 (55.9) | |
| 5 | 62 (10.0) | 3 (8.6) | 6 (3.6) | 10 (6.1) | 24 (19.2) | 17 (18.1) | 2 (5.9) | |
| 6 | 33 (5.3) | 3 (8.6) | 10 (6.0) | 10 (6.1) | 5 (4.0) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (5.9) | |
| 7 | 82 (13.2) | 1 (2.9) | 26 (15.5) | 31 (18.9) | 13 (10.4) | 6 (6.4) | 5 (14.7) | |
| 8 | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) |
aInpatient census on the day of admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
bSum of COVID-19-positive and PUI censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100
cSum of COVID-19-positive censuses on the day of patient admission/total number of licensed hospital beds × 100