Table 1.

List of PubMed-indexed studies on teleneurorehabilitation in Parkinson’s Disease

Author/year	Study design and strategy used for TNR	Outcome
Theodoros et al., 2019[7]	Scoping review on the use of technology in communication and swallowing dysfunction in PD—17 studies included	Review concluded that evidence was limited and of low quality
Lei et al., 2019[8]	Systematic review of virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation for PD on improvement of gait and balance. 16 articles and 555 PD patients included. VR rehabilitation training performed better than traditional rehabilitation in: Step and stride length, balance and mobility	VR rehabilitation training can not only achieve the same effect as conventional rehabilitation training but also had better performance on gait and balance in patients with PD
Chan et al., 2019[9]	Pilot study in Malaysia: Intensive voice therapy administered to 11 PD patients using smartphone videoconferencing via WhatsApp Messenger in 12 sessions over 4 weeks	Intervention improved sound pressure level in sustained vowels and monologue. High level of patient satisfaction also noted
Quinn et al., 2019[10]	Pilot study among 8 PD patients to determine feasibility of group speech maintenance program (eLoud and Proud) using telerehabilitation	Feasible in improving vocal loudness
Cikajlo et al., 2018[11]	Developed a telerehabilitation self-adapting exergaming system using the Kinect sensor and tested 28 patients with PD. Clinical outcome measures included Box and Blocks Test, UPDRS III, daily activity Jebsen’s test, writing a letter and moving light objects, Nine-Hole Peg Test	The study found that exergaming was feasible but may need technical support. However, clinically meaningful results could not be achieved
Albiol-Pèrez et al., 2017[12]	Virtual Motor Rehabilitation conducted on 10 PD patients using the active balance rehabilitation system (ABAR) and postural control assessed over 15 sessions	Trend toward improvement of postural control but not significant
Seidler et al., 2017[13]	Pilot study: 26 people with mild-to-moderate PD assigned to either the telerehabilitation or in-person rehabilitation, twice-weekly over 12 weeks.	Balance and motor sign improved significantly (P < 0.001) in both groups, with no difference between groups. No effect on gait
Gandolfi et al., 2017[14]	Randomized multicentric trial which enrolled 76 PD patients (modified Hoehn and Yahr stages 2.5-3) to receive either in-home VR telerehabilitation via Nintendo Wii Fit system or in-person sensory integration balance training (SIBT) 3 days/week for 7 weeks	Significant improvement on the Berg Balance Scale for the VR group (P = 0.04) and significant improvement in Dynamic Gait Index (P = 0.04) for the in-clinic group
Theodoros et al., 2016[15]	Randomized trial of 31 participants with dysarthria with PD randomly assigned to either face-to-face or online Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD)	Noninferiority of online treatment for clinical and quality of life outcomes compared to faceto-face interaction
Russell et al., 2013[16]	Pilot study: eHAB telerehabilitation service versus face-to-face rehabilitation in 12 patients to evaluate physical assessment via timed stance test, Timed “Up and Go” test, step test, steps in 360-degree turn, Berg Balance Scale, lateral and functional reach tests	Tele-based rehabilitation assessment can be performed via internet-based services
Constantinescu et al., 2011[17]	Evaluated online delivery of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®) for speech and voice disorder in 34 PD patients using personal computer-based videoconferencing systems	Mean change in sound pressure level on a monologue task was noninferior in the online versus face-to-face mode of delivery
Constantinescu et al., 2010[18]	Randomized trial that assessed validity and reliability of telerehabilitation (online) compared to face-to-face interaction for assessing speech and voice disorder among 61 PD patients	Comparable levels of agreement were achieved between the two environments. Online assessment of disordered speech and voice in Parkinson’s disease appears to be valid and reliable
Tindall et al., 2009[19]	11 caregivers of PD patients were interviewed using a structured interview to assess caregiver burden after 16 weeks of speech therapy given via videophones	On average, this speech therapy protocol delivered by videophones saved 48 h of time, more than 92 h of work time, and $1024 for each caregiver
Hoffman et al., 2008[20]	Randomized trial to compare activities of daily living (ADL) and hand function via using the motor component of the functional independence measure (FIM) and selected items from the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The Nine Hole Peg Test, Jamar dynamometer and Preston pinch gauge were also used to assess hand function. Telerehab versus face-to-face rehabilitation.	Telerehabilitation system was found to be a valid measure of ADL status and hand function in people with Parkinson’s disease and to have a high level of intra- and inter-rater reliability
Giansanti et al., 2008[21]	This study tested a wearable device with a force-sensing resistor (Gastrocnemius Expansion Monitoring Unit) for step-counting to enable telemonitoring on 5 patients with PD	Good performance in PD patients