Table 3.

Optical properties and synthesis methods of lead‐free halide perovskites (AVC, anti‐solvent vapor‐assisted crystallization; TLM, temperature lowering method; VHE, vapor halide exchange; VSA, vapor saturation of antisolvent;ASRP, antisolvent reprecipitation method LARP, ligand‐assisted reprecipitation method; SEM, slow evaporation method; NCs, nanocrystals; SCs, single crystals; BCs, bulk crystals; TF, thin films; p‐FPEA, 4‐fluorophenyl‐ethylamine; HMD, hexamethylene diamine; TTA, tetraethylammonium; TEBA: benzyltriethylammonium)

	Perovskite	Abs [nm]	PL [nm]	PLQY [%]	FWHM [nm]	Method	Refs.
3D	CsSnCl3 NCs	588	625	N/A	32	Solvothermal	[ 119 ]
3D	CsSnBr3 NCs	622	N/A	N/A	32	Solvothermal	[ 119 ]
3D	CsSnI3 NCs	668	709	N/A	32	Solvothermal	[ 119 ]
3D	CsSnCl3 NCs	420	490	≤0.14	N/A	Hot injection	[ 33b ]
3D	CsSnBr3 NCs	610	660	≤0.14	N/A	Hot injection	[ 33b ]
3D	CsSnI3 NCs	750	945	≤0.14	N/A	Hot injection	[ 33b ]
3D	Cs2SnI6 NCs	N/A	620	≤0.48	49	Hot injection	[ 66a ]
3D	Cs2SnCl6:Bi3+ BCs	N/A	455	78.9	66	Hydrothermal	[ 16e ]
3D	Cs2SnCl6:Sb3+ BCs	N/A	602	37	101	Hydrothermal	[ 187 ]
2D	PEA2SnI4 NCs	N/A	640	6.40 ± 0.14	36	ASRP	[ 128 ]
2D	TEA2SnI4 NCs	624	645	18.85 ± 2.17	32.4	ASRP	[ 44 ]
2D	p‐FPEA2SnI4 NCs	621.2	640	9.94 ± 1.23	30.8	ASRP	[ 44 ]
2D	(OCTAm)2SnX4 BCs	350	600	95 ± 5	136	Solution process	[ 56 ]
2D	(OAm)2SnBr4 BCs	N/A	620	88	140	Hot injection	[ 86 ]
2D	(PEAI)3.5(CsI)5(SnI2)4.5 TFs	N/A	920	18	N/A	Spin‐coating	[ 188 ]
2D	(C8H17NH3)2SnBr4 BCs	N/A	596	98	N/A	Solution process	[ 189 ]
1D	(DAO)Sn2I6 SCs	N/A	634	20.3	142	Solution process	[ 135 ]
1D	(DAO)Sn2I6 TFs	N/A	–	36	145	Solution process	[ 135 ]
0D	(C4N2H14Br)4SnBr6 SCs	355	570	95 ± 5	105	Solution process	[ 132 ]
0D	(C4N2H14I4)SnI6 SCs	410	620	75 ± 4	118	Solution process	[ 132 ]
0D	Cs4SnBr6 powder	N/A	540	15 ± 5	N/A	Solid‐state process	[ 133 ]
0D	Cs4SnBr6 BCs	320	524	20	100	ASRP	[ 190 ]
0D	Cs3KSnBr6 BCs	320	500	35	100	ASRP	[ 190 ]
0D	Cs4SnBr6 NCs	N/A	530	0.8	45	Hot injection	[ 191 ]
0D	Bmpip2SnBr4 SCs	N/A	666	75	N/A	TLM	[ 134 ]
0D	Bmpip2SnI4 SCs	N/A	730	35	N/A	TLM	[ 134 ]
0D	HMD3SnBr8 BCs	N/A	601	86 ± 2	128	Antisolvent method	[ 192 ]
2D	(C4H9NH3)2GeI4 SCs	N/A	690	N/A	180	Solution process	[ 137 ]
2D	(PEA)2GeI4 BCs	N/A	613	N/A	98.4	Solution process	[ 138 ]
0D	Bmpip2GeBr4 SCs	N/A	670	≤1	N/A	Solution process	[ 134 ]
2D	MA3Bi2Br9 SCs	N/A	550	N/A	100	SEM	[ 143 ]
1D	MA3Bi2Cl9 NCs	N/A	360	15	50	Co‐LARP	[ 143 ]
2D	MA3Bi2Br9 NCs	376	423	12	62	Co‐LARP	[ 143 ]
2D	MA3Bi2I9 NCs	N/A	540	0.03	91	Co‐LARP	[ 143 ]
2D	MA3Bi2Br9‐Cl NCs	388	422	54.1	N/A	Co‐LARP	[ 59 ]
2D	Cs3Bi2Br9 NCs	N/A	460	4.5	45	Co‐LARP	[ 144 ]
2D	Cs3Bi2Cl9 NCs	N/A	393	26.4	59	Co‐LARP	[ 58 ]
2D	Cs3Bi2Br9 NCs	N/A	410	19.4	48	Co‐LARP	[ 58 ]
2D	Cs3Bi2I9 NCs	N/A	545	0.018	70	Co‐LARP	[ 58 ]
2D	FA3Bi2Br9 NCs	404	437	52	65	Co‐LARP	[ 193 ]
0D	Rb7Bi3Cl16 NCs	N/A	437	28.43	93	LARP	[ 79 ]
0D	(C8NH12)4BiBr7•H2O SCs	400	450	0.7	N/A	TLM	[ 78 ]
0D	(C8NH12)4Bi0.57Sb0.43Br7•H2O SCs	N/A	400–850	4.5	N/A	TLM	[ 78 ]
0D	(C9NH20)2SbCl5 SCs	N/A	590	98 ± 2	119	Solution process	[ 132 ]
0D	(Ph4P)2SbCl5 SCs	N/A	648	87 ± 2	136	AVC	[ 82 ]
0D	(TTA)2SbCl5 powder	N/A	625	86	140	ASRP	[ 194 ]
0D	(TEBA)2SbCl5 powder	N/A	590	98	135	ASRP	[ 194 ]
2D	Cs3Sb2Cl9 NCs	N/A	370	11	52	LARP	[ 80 ]
2D	Cs3Sb2Br9 NCs	N/A	410	46	41	LARP	[ 80 ]
2D	Cs3Sb2I9 NCs	N/A	560	23	56	LARP	[ 80 ]
2D	Cs3Sb2I9 TFs	N/A	750	N/A	120	VHE	[ 156 ]
2D	Cs3Sb2Br9 NCs	368	409	51.2	N/A	ASRP	[ 66b ]
2D	(NH4)3Sb2I9 TFs	645	639	N/A	N/A	AVC	[ 155 ]
3D	Cs2AgBiCl6 NCs	N/A	395	6.7	68	ASRP	[ 62 ]
3D	Cs2AgBiBr6 NCs	N/A	465	0.7	82	ASRP	[ 62 ]
3D	Cs2AgBiI6 NCs	N/A	575	<0.1	69	ASRP	[ 62 ]
3D	Cs2AgBiCl6: Mn2+ NCs	N/A	600	<1	N/A	Hot injection	[ 196 ]
3D	Cs2Ag0.17Na0.83In0.88Bi0.12Cl6 NCs	N/A	557	64	153	ASRP	[ 168 ]
3D	Cs2AgIn0.9Bi0.1Cl6 NCs	372	395/570	36.6	N/A	ASRP	[ 24 ]
3D	Cs2NaInCl6: Ag+ NCs	269	535	31.1	N/A	Hot injection	[ 85 ]
3D	Cs2AgInCl6 NCs	350	560	≈1.6 ± 1	N/A	Hot injection	[ 66c ]
3D	Cs2AgInCl6:Mn2+ NCs	350	620	≈16 ± 4	N/A	Hot injection	[ 66c ]
3D	Cs2AgInCl6:Bi3+ NCs	368	580	11.4	N/A	Hot injection	[ 84b ]
3D	Cs2AgInCl6:Yb3+/Er3+ NCs	N/A	996/1537	N/A	N/A	Hot injection	[ 167 ]
3D	Cs2Ag1− xNaxInCl6:Bi3+ NCs	N/A	N/A	22	N/A	Hot injection	[ 197 ]
3D	Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4InCl6: 0.04Bi3+ BCs	N/A	565	86 ± 5	N/A	Hydrothermal	[ 60 ]
3D	Cs2AgInCl6: 0.9% Mn2+ BCs	N/A	630	3–5	N/A	Solution process	[ 163 ]
–	Cs2CuBr4 NCs	360	393	37.5	74	LARP	[ 175 ]
‐	Cs2CuCl4 NCs	N/A	388	51.82	68	LARP	[ 175 ]
–	CsCuBr2 MCs	N/A	495	N/A	70	Solution process	[ 198 ]
1D	CsCu2I3 NRs	330	553	5	N/A	Hot injection	[ 177 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2I5 NCs	285	441	67	N/A	Hot injection	[ 177 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2Br5 NCs	277	454	18.3	82	Hot injection	[ 177 ]
1D	CsCu2Cl3 powder	N/A	527	48	102	Solid‐state reaction	[ 200 ]
1D	CsCu2Br3 powder	N/A	533	18.3	106	Solid‐state reaction	[ 200 ]
1D	CsCu2I3 powder	N/A	576	3.23	126	Solid‐state reaction	[ 200 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2Br5 powder	N/A	455	50.1	75	Solid‐state reaction	[ 176 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2I5 powder	N/A	443	98.7	99	Solid‐state reaction	[ 176 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2I5 SCs	N/A	445	91.2	N/A	VSA	[ 61 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2I5 TFs	N/A	445	62.1	N/A	Spin‐coating	[ 61 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2I5 NCs	285	445	29.2	N/A	Hot injection	[ 201 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2Br5 NCs	269	461	16.9	N/A	Hot injection	[ 201 ]
0D	Cs3Cu2Cl5 NCs	259	527	48.7	N/A	Hot injection	[ 201 ]
1D	CsCu2I3 TFs	N/A	550	20.6	100	Antisolvent method	[ 211 ]
1D	CsCu2I3 SCs	N/A	568	15.7	75	Antisolvent method	[ 202 ]
0D	Cs2InBr5 ·H2O SCs	N/A	695	33	N/A	TLM	[ 72 ]
0D	Rb2InCl5(H2O): Sb3+ SCs	324	600	90	N/A	Hydrothermal	[ 182 ]
0D	Rb2InCl6: Sb3+ SCs	N/A	497	95	N/A	Solvent thermal	[ 182 ]
0D	(C4H14N2)2In2Br10 SCs	335	670	3	N/A	Solution process	[ 183 ]
3D	CsYbI3 NCs	N/A	671	58	47	Hot injection	[ 180 ]
3D	Cs2TiBr6 TFs	N/A	704	N/A	N/A	Vapor deposition	[ 97 ]
3D	Cs2PdBr6 SCs	784	772	N/A	N/A	Solution process	[ 179 ]
1D	(Pyrrolidinium)MnCl3 SCs	N/A	637	56	N/A	SEM	[ 185 ]