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Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on inflammatory cytokines of small intestine in Sprague Dawley rats under heat stress. CON group, control group fed the basal diet; HS group, basal diet and heat stress; HSC group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS and heat stress. A1–D1, duodenum; A2–D2, jejunum; A3–D3, ileum; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α. Values are mean ± SE. *P<0.05.
