Table 2.

Odds Ratio of Depressive Symptoms in Those with Hearing Loss Compared to Normal Hearing

	Odds of CES-D score ≥ 9
	Mild hearing lossa	95% CI	p	Moderate or greater hearing lossa	95% CI	p
Base (hearing only)	1.73	1.12–2.66	.013	2.06	1.31–3.24	.002
Base + Demographics  b	2.05	1.31–3.21	.002	2.73	1.65–4.52	<.001
Base + Demographics + Cardiovascular risk factors  c	2.03	1.29–3.19	.002	2.64	1.58–4.42	<.001
Base + Demographics + Cardiovascular + Cognition  d	1.90	1.20–3.01	.006	2.42	1.44–4.07	.001

Note: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CI = Confidence interval.

^aHearing status defined using pure-tone averages (PTA) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz frequencies in the better hearing ear. Categorized using PTA as normal (<25 dB), mild hearing loss (≥25 to <40 dB) and moderate/severe hearing loss (≥40 dB).

^bDemographics include age, sex, race-center, and education.

^cCardiovascular risk factors include BMI, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.

^dCognition factor score is a summary score representing performance across all Visit 6 neurocognitive tests.