Table 3.

Odds Ratio of Depressive Symptoms Among Hearing Aid Users Compared to Nonhearing Aid Users Within Each Hearing Loss Category (mild hearing loss, moderate or greater hearing loss)

	Odds of CES-D score ≥ 9
	Mild HLa (N = 1,265)	95% CI	p	Moderate or greater HLb (N = 853)	95% CI	p
Base (hearing only)	0.63	0.25–1.59	.33	0.85	0.48–1.50	.57
Base + Demographics  c	0.90	0.35–2.35	.83	1.06	0.58–1.95	.85
Base + Demographics + Cardiovascular risk factors  d	0.81	0.30–2.16	.67	1.06	0.57–1.98	.86
Base + Demographics + Cardiovascular + Cognition  d	0.94	0.35–2.54	.89	1.12	0.60–2.11	.72

Note: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CI = Confidence interval; HL = Hearing loss.

^a,bHearing status defined using pure-tone averages (PTA) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz frequencies in the better hearing ear. Categorized using PTA as normal (<25 dB), mild hearing loss (≥25 to <40 dB) and moderate/severe hearing loss (≥40 dB).

^cDemographics include age, sex, race-center, and education.

^dCardiovascular risk factors include body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, and history of stroke.

^dCognition factor score is a summary score representing performance across all Visit 6 neurocognitive tests.