Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics: overall and stratified by the presence and absence of PICS
| non-PICS (N = 35) | PICS (N = 61) | P value | Overall (N = 192) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 75 [64–79] | 74 [59–81.5] | 0.77 | 74 [64–81] |
| Male, N (%) | 25 (71.4) | 43 (70.5) | 0.92 | 125 (65.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.9 [19.5–24.4] | 22.8 [19.7–25.3]a | 0.21 | 21.9 [19.5–25.0]b |
| APACHE II score | 21 [18–25] | 20 [14.5–25] | 0.14 | 23 [18–28] |
| SOFA score | 7 [4–10] | 8 [5–10] | 0.21 | 8 [6–11] |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 0.9 | 1 [0–3] |
| Clinical frailty scale | 3 [2–4]a | 3 [2–4] | 0.67 | 3 [3, 4]a |
| DNAR status at ICU admission, N (%) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 | 15 (7.8) |
| Educational level, N (%) | N = 33* | N = 60* | 0.098 | N = 177 |
| ≤ 9 years | 3 (9.1) | 15 (25) | 49 (27.7) | |
| > 9 years | 30 (91.0) | 45 (75) | 128 (72.3) | |
| Employment status, N (%) | N = 34* | N = 61* | 0.16 | N = 188 |
| Student | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.1) | |
| Employed or self-employed | 11 (32.4) | 23 (37.7) | 60 (31.9) | |
| Unemployed | 3 (8.8) | 11 (18) | 41 (21.8) | |
| Housework | 2 (5.9) | 8 (13.1) | 21 (11.2) | |
| Retired | 18 (52.9) | 19 (31.2) | 64 (34.0) | |
| Marital status, N (%) | 0.64 | |||
| Married | 25 (71.4) | 39 (63.9) | 119 62.0) | |
| Separated or divorced | 1 (2.9) | 6 (9.8) | 16 (8.3) | |
| Widowed | 5 (14.3) | 9 (15.8) | 37 (19.3) | |
| Unmarried | 4 (11.4) | 7 (11.5) | 20 (10.4) | |
| Patient's residential living status, N (%) | 0.25 | |||
| Lived alone at home | 3 (8.6) | 12 (19.7) | 33 (17.2) | |
| Lived with someone else | 32 (91.4) | 48 (78.7) | 152 (79.2) | |
| Nursing home | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 7 (3.6) | |
| History of treatment with benzodiazepines, N (%) | 3 (8.6) | 7 (11.5) | 0.74 | 18 (9.4) |
| History of treatment with steroids, N (%) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (6.6) | 1 | 35 (18.2) |
| Source of admission to ICU, N (%) | 0.19 | |||
| Emergency department | 20 (57.1) | 23 (37.7) | 95 (49.5) | |
| Hospital floor | 5 (14.3) | 16 (26.2) | 45 (23.4) | |
| Another hospital | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | |
| Operating room (elective) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Operating room (emergency) | 9 (25.7) | 21 (34.4) | 45 (23.4) | |
| Primary diagnosis at the time of admission in ICU, N (%) | 0.075 | |||
| Cardiogenic | 2 (5.7) | 13 (21.3) | 25 (13.0) | |
| Acute respiratory failure | 18 (51.4) | 16 (26.2) | 67 (34.9) | |
| Infection | 8 (22.9) | 13 (21.3) | 56 (29.2) | |
| Trauma | 3 (8.6) | 8 (13.1) | 16 (8.3) | |
| Others | 4 (11.4) | 11 (18) | 28 (14.6) | |
| ARDS, N (%) | 5 (14.3) | 12 (19.7) | 0.51 | 35 (18.2) |
| Sepsis, N (%) | 11 (31.4) | 20 (32.8) | 0.89 | 79 (41.1) |
| Management in ICU, N (%) | ||||
| Inotrope/vasopressor | 27 (77.1) | 50 (82.0) | 0.6 | 148 (77.1) |
| Paralytic agent | 3 (8.6) | 9 (14.8) | 0.53 | 24 (12.5) |
| Renal replacement therapy in ICU | 6 (17.1) | 6 (9.8) | 0.34 | 40 (20.8) |
| ECMO in ICU | 0 (0) | 4 (6.6) | 0.29 | 7 (3.6) |
| IABP in ICU | 0 (0) | 3 (4.9) | 0.3 | 6 (3.1) |
| Tracheostomy | 4 (11.4) | 9 (14.8) | 0.76 | 29 (15.1) |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (percentage)
PICS post-intensive care syndrome, BMI body mass index, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, DNAR do not attempt resuscitation, ICU intensive care unit, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump
aOne missing datum
bThree missing data
*The education status and the employment status of the remaining persons were unknown