Table 2.
Summary of published patients with CVT treated by a DOAC
| Study | Anticoagulant | N (%) | Female | Age, years | Time to AC start, days | AC duration, months | No recanali-sation | Recurrent CVT | New ICH | Any bleed | mRS 0–2 | mRS 3–5 | Mortality |
| Randomised controlled trial | |||||||||||||
| Ferro et al23 | Dabigatran | 60 (50) | 33 (55) | 45.2 (±13.8) | 5–15 | 5.15 (±1.4) | 22/55 (40) | 0 (0) | 0/56 (0) | 12 (20) | 58/59 (98.3) | 1/59 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
| Warfarin | 60 (50) | 33 (55) | 45.2 (±13.8) | 5.3 (±1.2) | 17/52 (33) | 0 (0) | 2/53 (3.8) | 12 (20) | 56/58 (96.6) | 2/58 (2.3) | 0 (0) | ||
| Observational cohorts | |||||||||||||
| Hsu et al24 | Apixaban | 1 (2) | 5 (62) | 51 (18–92) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | N/A | 2 (25) | |
| Rivaroxaban | 7 (15) | ||||||||||||
| Warfarin | 38 (83) | 22 (58) | 43 (19–83) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | N/A | 0 (0) | ||
| Powell et al25 | Apixaban | 7 (6) | 8 (42) | 48.1 | 5.3 | 11.03 | 6 (31.6) | 2 (11) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 0.78* | 0 (0) | |
| Rivaroxaban | 12 (10) | ||||||||||||
| LMWH Warfarin | 11 (9) 89 (75) |
64 (64) | 43.8 | 11.2 | 13.48 | 31 (31) | 10 (10) | 3 (3) | 10 (10) | 1.32* | 0 (0) | ||
| Lurkin et al26 | Dabigatran | 2 (5) | 10 (62) | 39.9 (16–74) | N/A | 6 | 10 (62) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.2) | N/A | 13 (81) | 3 (19) | 0 (0) |
| Apixaban | 1 (2) | ||||||||||||
| Rivaroxaban | 13 (32) | ||||||||||||
| Warfarin | 25 (61) | 15 (60) | 47.7 (16–83) | N/A | 8 | 9/11 (82) | 3/11 (27) | 3 (12) | N/A | 6/11 (55) | 5/11 (45) | 0 (0) | |
| Wasay et al27 | Dabigatran | 9 (8) | 27 (60) | 36.5 (±14.7) | 7 (3–12) | 8 (6–13) | 1/5 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 35/39 (90) | 4/39 (10) | 2 (4) |
| Rivaroxaban | 36 (32) | ||||||||||||
| Warfarin | 66 (59) | 37 (56) | 41.3 (±14.8) | 5 (3–10) | 3/7 (43) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 6 (9) | 44/56 (79) | 12/56 (21) | 4 (6) | ||
| Herweh et al28† | Apixaban | 1 (1) | 8 (62) | 41.7 (±20.5) | 6 (4-9) | 7 (1–84) | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (23) | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Rivaroxaban | 12 (12) | ||||||||||||
| LMWH | 3 (3) | 73 (85) | 37.4 | N/A | 11 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (2.3) | 76 (88) | 8 (9.3) | 2 (2.3) | ||
| Warfarin | 83 (84) | ||||||||||||
| Case series | |||||||||||||
| Covut et al29 | Apixaban | 5 (56) | 4 (80) | 62 (±21) | 1 (1–18) | 12 (6–56) | 3 (60) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) |
| Rivaroxaban | 4 (44) | 3 (75) | 57 (±22) | 2 (1–30) | 8 (3–14) | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Rusin et al31 | Dabigatran | 18 (50) | 21 (58.3) | 40.3 (±9.2) | 6 (IQR 5–8.8) | 8.5 (IQR 6.2–12) | 2 (5.6) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.3) | 34 (94.4) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0) |
| Apixaban | 8 (22) | ||||||||||||
| Rivaroxaban | 10 (2) | ||||||||||||
| Shankar Iyer et al30 | Rivaroxaban | 20 (100) | 4 (20) | 34.2 (±13.2) | 0 (0–0) | 6 | 0 (0) | N/A | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 20 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Cappellari et al32 | Rivaroxaban | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 31.2 (±7.1) | 4 (3–8) | 4.5 (3–6) | 0 (0) | N/A | 0 (0) | N/A | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Anticoli et al34 | Rivaroxaban | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | 36.5 (16–46) | 7 (4–90) | 4 (3–5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Mendonça et al33‡ | Dabigatran | 18 (100) | 15 (83.3) | 41.2±13.8 | 13 (4–58) | 7 (3–41) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 17 (94.4) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) |
| Pooled case studies | |||||||||||||
| Dabigatran37–39 52–55 | 8 (32) | 5 (62) | 37.9 | 13/7 | 3.7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (12) | 1 (12) | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
| Apixaban40 41 | 4 (16) | 2 (50) | 27.7 | 6 | 5.6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
| Rivaroxaban35 36 47–51 | 8 (32) | 4 (50) | 38.4 | 37/4 | 6.6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
| Edoxaban42–46 | 5 (20) | 2 (40) | 56.6 | 12/2 | 6.7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
Data is shown as a number (%), median (range) or mean (±SD), unless otherwise stated.
*If data are not available for all patients, the denominator is shown: mean mRS at follow-up reported.
†If data are not available for all patients, the denominator is shown: patient level data were acquired from contacting authors.
‡If data are not available for all patients, the denominator is shown: data from three additional patients were included from contacting authors.
AC, anticoagulation; CVT, cerebral venous thrombosis; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; ICH, intracranial haemorrhage; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.