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. 2021 Feb 16;9(1):e001443. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001443

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of multidimensional network biomarkers (MDNBs) distinguishing subjects with diabetic retinopathy (DR) versus subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus without DR in the discovery set (A) and validation set (B). The combined2 model (MDNBs) contains linoleic acid, nicotinuric acid, ornithine and phenylacetylglutamine; the combined1 model contains linoleic acid and nicotinuric acid; the total model contains all the 15 potential metabolite biomarkers.