Figure 6.

Analysis of causality in the model shows a transient causal relationship of mPFC units to lPFC units following behaviorally salient events such as feedback (top row). This causal relationship is reversed during trial periods involving the preparation and execution of responses (bottom row). The dynamic shift in causal direction over the course of a trial matches similar patterns observed in monkey mPFC and lPFC during feedback processing and cued performance [right frames, adapted with permission from Stoll et al. (2016)].