TABLE 3.
Description of genes whose transcript level changed in response to the application of biostimulants based on extracts of algae and botanicals to plants under abiotic stress.
| Gene/gene expression time | Biostimulant type | Abiotic stress type | Crop/gene expression organ | References |
| AtDREB2a, AtRD29, AtNFYA1, AtNFYA2, AtUBC24, AtWAK2, AtSYG1, At3g27150/6 and 12 h after treatment | Extract of A. nodosum | Salinity | Arabidopsis/whole plant | Shukla et al., 2018 |
| LEA3, LEA1, CCA1, HVA22d, LTP6, DREB1A, DREB1C, LEA2, VA22b, Di21, SnRK2, CIPK25, LTP, RING, MYB/1 and 5 days after treatment | Extract of A. nodosum | Salinity | Arabidopsis/whole plant | Jithesh et al., 2018 |
| ANN1, ANN2, PIP1, P5CS1, CHS, APX1, GPX3/not specified | Extract of A. nodosum and 5-aminolevulinic acid (foliar application) | Salinity | Asparagus aethiopicus/leaves | Al-Ghamdi and Elansary, 2018 |
| COR15A, RD29A, CBF3/when plants were exposed at −2°C | Extract of Ascophyllum nodosum | Cold | Arabidopsis/leaves | Rayirath et al., 2009 |
| P5CS1, P5CS2, PRODH/not specified | A. nodosum lipophilic components | Freezing | Arabidopsis/leaves | Nair et al., 2012 |
| NCED3, MYB60, RAB18, RD29A, RbCS1A, RCA, PIP1;2, B ca1, PsbS, VDE, DFR, APX2, SOD/From the moment of stress until the fourth day | Extract of A. nodosum | Drought | Arabidopsis/leaves | Santaniello et al., 2017 |
| GmCYP707A1a, GmCYP707A3b, GmRD22, GmDREB1B, GmERD1, FIB1a, GmPIP1b, GmGST, GmBIP, GmTp55/75 h and 59 h after treatment | Extract of A. nodosum | Drought | Soybean/leaves | Shukla et al., 2017 |
| TAS14/7th day of stress | Extract of A. nodosum (foliar application) | Drought | Tomato/leaves | Goñi et al., 2018 |
| TaNCED3.1, TaNCED3.2, TaHAI1, DREB family, TaRap2-4, TaMYB31, TaAREB3, dehydrin, TaP5CS1, TaNCED4, TaNCED2, TaERD2/6 days after stress | Extract of Gracilaria dura | Drought | Wheat/leaves | Sharma et al., 2019 |
| GRMZM2G439784, GRMZM2G324221, GRMZM2G164129, GRMZM2G163866/10 days after treatment | Extract of Kappaphycus alvarezii | Drought | Maize/roots | Kumar et al., 2019 |
| SOD, CAT, APX, DAHR, GR, PrxQ/not specified | Licorice root extract | Salinity | Pea (Pisum sativum L.)/leaves | Desoky et al., 2019 |
| DtDREB2A, DtMYB30, DtNAC019, DtNAC72, DtNAC19, DtNAC69, DtZIP63, DtABF3, DtHB12, DtHB7/2, 4, 6, 9, and 24 h from exposure to stress | Extract of borage | Salinity | Wild rocket/leaves | Franzoni et al., 2019 |
| CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, FeSOD/24 and 48 h after stress | Lignin derivatives, plant-derived aminoacids and molybdenum | Heat | Cucumber/seeds | Campobenedetto et al., 2020 |
| ObOLP/3-months old plants | Moringa oleifera extract | Salinity | Ocimum basilicum/leaves | Alkuwayti et al., 2020 |