TABLE 7.

Putative molecular markers for different potential biostimulants in varying abiotic stress conditions.

Molecular markers	Function	Biostimulant type	Abiotic stress type
CAT, SOD, POD, APX, GPX, GR, CHS, CSD1, DHAR	Antioxidant metabolism	Beneficial bacteria, beneficial fungi, algal and botanical extracts, protein hydrolysates and N compounds, chitosan and other biopolymers, inorganic compounds	Drought, salinity, metal toxicity, nutrient deficiency, heat
HSP70	Heat-shock protein (HSP)	Beneficial bacteria, algal and botanical extracts	Drought, salinity
PIP1, PIP2	Aquaporin	Beneficial bacteria, beneficial fungi, algal and botanical extracts, inorganic compounds	Drought, salinity
ERD1, RAB18	Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)	Beneficial bacteria, algal and botanical extracts, mixtures of biostimulants	Drought, salinity
NCED	Biosynthesis and signaling of ABA	Beneficial bacteria, algal and botanical extracts	Drought, salinity
P5CS1	Osmoprotectant	Beneficial bacteria, algal and botanical extracts, mixtures of biostimulants	Drought, salinity, cold, metal toxicity, heat
PAL	Phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL)	Protein hydrolysates and N compounds, fulvic and humic acids	Salinity