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. 2021 Feb 17;16(2):e0237480. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237480

Fig 3. Comparison of iota-carrageenan with other polymers and a sulfated sugar.

Fig 3

Neutralization assay with iota-carrageenan compared to other sulfated and non-sulfated polymers as well as a sulfated sugar. ACE2-HEK293cells/well were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped lentivirus (Luc reporter). Mock infected and mock treated infected cells served as negative control (0% infection) and positive control (100% infection control; y-axis), respectively. 100 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml sulfated polymers and 100 μg/ml non-sulfated polymers and galactose-4-sulfate were incubated with the virus for 30 minutes before infection. Infection efficiency was determined by measuring the luciferase activity 48 hours post infection. Luciferase data were corrected with metabolic data (Alamar blue) derived from a parallel plate with identical set-up. Data represent means of triplicates ± standard deviation. Abbr.: Iota-carr. (iota-carrageenan), kappa-carr. (kappa-carrageenan), lambda-carr, (lambda-carrageenan), Fuc.U.p. (high molecular weight fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida), Fuc.F.v. (high molecular weight fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus), CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), and Gal-4-SO4 (galacatose-4-sulfate).