Fig 1. Elevation angles of lower-limb segments and general gait parameters during forward (FW) and backward (BW) walking in young and older adults.

A—Elevation angles of the trunk, thigh, shank and foot over a stride. All the curves of each subject walking at a given walking condition were first averaged (mean-curve). The curves presented here are the average of the mean-curves of all the young (grey lines) and older (black lines) adults. The grey zone represents±1 SD for the older adults. B—Average range of motion of the thigh, shank and foot over one stride. C—Average, stride period, relative stance phase and mean trunk inclination over one stride. In panel B and C, the bars represent the grand mean of all the young (grey) and the older (black) adults. Thin lines represent one standard deviation. The * indicates a significant effect of age.