Table 2.
Summary of food environment characteristics by residential location among HIPPa participants (n=228).
| Total (n=228) | Urban (n=193) | Rural (n=35) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD (Range) | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | ||
| Distance to nearest grocery store, miles | 1.3±1.2 (0.1–7.2) | 1.0±0.7 | 3.0±1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Distance to nearest convenience store, miles | 0.8±0.7 (0.0–3.3) | 0.7±0.5 | 1.6±0.9 | <0.0001 |
| Distance to nearest limited-service restaurant, miles | 1.2±1.3 (0.0–8.5) | 0.9±0.7 | 3.2±1.9 | <0.0001 |
| Self-reported distance for grocery shopping, miles | 5.8±5.2 (1.0–37.0) | 4.9±3.8 | 10.9±8.2 | 0.0001 |
| 5-mile healthy food densityc, % | 12.2±5.9 (0.0–43.0) | 12.3±4.8 | 11.5±10.0 | 0.63 |
a
Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum
b
Independent samples t tests were used to test for mean differences in food environment characteristics by residential location.
c
Healthy food density represents the percentage of healthy food retailers out of the total number of retailers (both healthy and less healthy).