Table 4.

Adjusted logistic regression models of baseline associations between 5-mile healthy food density and achieving maximum Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) component scores, Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum study (n=228)

	Total Vegetables	Greens & Beans	Total Fruits	Whole Fruits	Dairy	Total Protein Foods	Seafood & Plant Proteins	Fatty Acids	Refined Grains	Saturated Fats	Added Sugars
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
5-mile healthy food density	1.00 (0.93, 1.08)	0.98 (0.90, 1.06)	0.98 (0.90, 1.06)	0.97 (0.90, 1.05)	1.00 (0.92, 1.09)	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	1.02 (0.94, 1.10)	1.01 (0.82, 1.24)	1.03 (0.94, 1.13)	0.98 (0.83, 1.16)	1.05 (0.94, 1.18)
Urban (refb: Rural)	4.34 (0.84, 22.26)	1.08 (0.26, 4.50)	1.06 (0.23, 4.84)	0.79 (0.19, 3.31)	0.44 (0.09, 2.22)	2.16 (0.56, 8.31)	2.53 (0.52, 12.41)	15.62 (0.45, 541.51)	2.76 (0.40, 18.95)	1.09 (0.08, 14.91)	5.79 (0.55, 61.08)
Healthy food density*urban	0.89 (0.78, 1.00)	1.04 (0.94, 1.16)	1.01 (0.90, 1.12)	1.03 (0.93, 1.13)	1.03 (0.92, 1.15)	0.98 (0.89, 1.08)	0.95 (0.84, 1.06)	0.88 (0.68, 1.14)	0.93 (0.81, 1.06)	1.04 (0.86, 1.26)	0.97 (0.84, 1.11)
Control variables
Education level
High school or less	0.75 (0.26, 2.19)	1.02 (0.38, 2.73)	0.62 (0.21, 1.82)	2.92 (1.06, 8.07)	2.29 (0.76, 6.91)	1.94 (0.69, 5.48)	1.38 (0.48, 3.93)	0.94 (0.18, 4.84)	0.85 (0.25, 2.94)	0.37 (0.04, 3.55)	0.43 (0.12, 1.61)
Some college (ref: College degree or higher)	0.84 (0.40, 1.74)	0.79 (0.38, 1.61)	0.70 (0.32, 1.52)	1.14 (0.56, 2.31)	0.77 (0.29, 2.01)	0.99 (0.50, 1.97)	0.66 (0.31, 1.44)	1.24 (0.39, 3.95)	0.94 (0.39, 2.23)	1.82 (0.59, 5.65)	1.18 (0.54, 2.58)
Race
Black (ref: White)	1.47 (0.75, 2.90)	1.47 (0.77, 2.78)	1.13 (0.56, 2.27)	0.90 (0.48, 1.72)	0.77 (0.33, 1.78)	2.00 (1.05, 3.83)	1.75 (0.89, 3.46)	4.08 (1.30, 12.82)*	2.69 (1.21, 5.97)	0.99 (0.31, 3.19)	1.88 (0.92, 3.84)
Age
18–24 years	0.39 (0.12, 1.31)	1.52 (0.50, 4.63)	1.59 (0.46, 5.48)	0.29 (0.09, 0.93)*	0.55 (0.13, 2.40)	0.94 (0.31, 2.89)	0.23 (0.07, 0.82)*	1.11 (0.20, 6.17)	0.65 (0.16, 2.70)	3.12 (0.23, 43.17)	0.37 (0.10, 1.38)
25–29 years	0.64 (0.26, 1.59)	1.36 (0.57, 3.24)	1.49 (0.54, 4.08)	0.71 (0.30, 1.65)	0.66 (0.21, 2.13)	0.87 (0.37, 2.07)	0.44 (0.18, 1.09)	0.51 (0.11, 2.36)	0.51 (0.16, 1.59)	4.82 (0.53, 43.99)	0.64 (0.24, 1.72)
30–34 years (ref: 35–42 years)	0.84 (0.37, 1.91)	0.71 (0.32, 1.59)	1.24 (0.48, 3.18)	0.65 (0.30, 1.42)	0.96 (0.35, 2.64)	1.38 (0.62, 3.08)	0.67 (0.31, 1.49)	0.73 (0.20, 2.66)	1.37 (0.54, 3.48)	3.94 (0.46, 33.83)	0.67 (0.27, 1.63)
Marital Status
Not married (ref: Married)	1.14 (0.52, 2.50)	0.57 (0.26, 1.24)	1.07 (0.47, 2.40)	0.50 (0.23, 1.09)	0.86 (0.32, 2.33)	0.91 (0.43, 1.96)	0.45 (0.20, 1.03)	0.66 (0.20, 2.16)	0.93 (0.38, 2.25)	0.81 (0.23, 2.80)	0.78 (0.34, 1.79)
Parity
Multiparous (ref: Nulliparous)	0.74 (0.39, 1.40)	1.43 (0.77, 2.67)	1.02 (0.52, 2.02)	1.23 (0.66, 2.28)	0.75 (0.34, 1.68)	1.02 (0.56, 1.89)	0.71 (0.36, 1.36)	1.54 (0.53, 4.53)	1.54 (0.71, 3.34)	1.46 (0.48, 4.46)	0.57 (0.28, 1.15)
Proxy for income
Enrolled in WICc (ref: Not enrolled)	1.24 (0.52, 2.97)	0.85 (0.37, 1.94)	2.02 (0.85, 4.83)	0.80 (0.34, 1.88)	1.77 (0.62, 5.09)	0.90 (0.39, 2.07)	1.11 (0.44, 2.81)	1.66 (0.47, 5.80)	1.08 (0.40, 2.90)	2.22 (0.57, 8.59)	2.13 (0.84, 5.45)
Pre-pregnancy weight status
Obese (ref: Overweight)	0.97 (0.54, 1.77)	0.87 (0.49, 1.55)	1.18 (0.63, 2.22)	1.49 (0.83, 2.65)	0.95 (0.45, 2.00)	1.00 (0.56, 1.77)	1.46 (0.79, 2.70)	0.80 (0.31, 2.10)	0.55 (0.27, 1.12)	0.38 (0.13, 1.10)	0.93 (0.48, 1.80)

^aAdequacy components- dietary components that should be increased.

^bReference group

^cSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

^*p < 0.05

^dModeration components- dietary components that should be consumed in moderation.

Whole Grains and Sodium component could not be analyzed due to the small cell size of participants who met the sodium intake recommendation.