Table 1.
Characteristics and results of included studies.
| Reference | Study design and participants | Intervention | Outcome measures | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low FODMAPs diet | ||||
| [ 20 ] |
UCT
Female FM patients ( n = 38) Age: 51 ± 10 years |
Diet low in FODMAPs (LFD)
4 weeks (31 women completed the intervention) |
–Questionnaires: FSQ, FIQR, IBS-SSS, EQ-5D, VAS (abdominal pain and somatic pain);
–evaluation of satisfaction with diet; |
Comparison before and after the intervention:
–↓ pain associated with FM, fatigue, gastric pain and intestinal changes after 4 weeks ( p < .01) –↓GI symptoms ( p < .01) –↑ mobility and ↓ discomfort in T2 ( p < .05) – no significant differences in quality of life |
| Gluten-free diet | ||||
| [ 16 ] |
RCT
Diet Group n = 35 female FM patients Age: 52 years Control Group n = 40 female FM patients Age: 53 years |
Gluten-free diet (GFD) VS Hypocaloric Diet (HD);
6 months |
–Anthropometric data: weight, BMI, waist perimeter
–Biochemical analyzes –List of NCGS symptoms (GI symptoms, extraintestinal and FM-like) –Questionnaires: FIQR, BPI, PSQI, BDI, STAI, SF-12, PGI-I |
Comparison before and after the intervention
:
– no significant differences in pain associated with FM and GI, extraintestinal and FM-like symptoms in GFD and HD Comparison between groups: – no significant differences |
| Hypocaloric diet | ||||
| [ 18 ] |
RCT
Diet Group n = 43 FM obese patients (37 female Age: 44. 8 ± 13. 6 years Control Group n = 43 FM obese patients (38F) Age: 46. 3 ± 14. 4 years |
Hypocaloric diet (1200 kcal/d: 20% Prot; 50% CH; 30% Fat) (G1) VS isocaloric diet (G2)
6 months |
–Anthropometric data: weight, BMI, waist perimeter
–Questionnaires: FIQ, TP, BDI, PSQI –Biomarkers: IL6 and PCR |
Comparison before and after the intervention
:
–↓ pain associated with FM ( p < .05), localised pain ( p < .001), fatigue ( p < .05) and depression ( p < .001) in G1 –↓ IL6 and PCR ( p < .05) in G1 Comparison between groups: –↓ IL6 ( p = .034) and PCR ( p = .07) in G1 vs G2 |
| [ 22 ] |
UCT
Female FM patients ( n = 48) Age: 54. 5 ± 8. 1 years |
Hypocaloric diet (weight loss
programme
with weekly group sessions)
5 months (31 women completed the intervention) |
–Anthropometric data: weight, BMI, waist
circu
m
ference
–Questionnaires: FIQ, HAQ, MPI, BDI, STAI, QOL, BSQ –Food diary ( 5 days) |
Comparison before and after the intervention: –↓ pain associated with FM (p = .00), severity (p = .04) and day-to-day pain interference (p < .001) –↑ body image (p < .001) and quality of life (p < .001) –↓ anxiety (p < .001) and depression (p < .001) Correlation between variables: –Positive correlation between ↓ BMI and ↓ FM-associated pain (p = .02) and day-to-day pain interference (p < .001) |
| Vegetarian diet | ||||
| [ 19 ] |
CCT
Diet Group n = 18 FM female patients Age: 51 years Control Group n = 15 FM female patients Age: 52 years |
Vegan Diet (raw veg, fruit, whole grains, oilseeds
and
legumes) (VD) VS Omnivorous Diet (OD)
3 months |
–Questionnaires: TP, VAS pain, BDI, HAQ
–Biomarkers: Haematocrit , ERS, total cholesterol, urinary sodium –Food diary ( 5 days) |
Comparison before and after the intervention
:
–↓ pain ( p < .005) but not significant of the PT ( p = .07) –↑ autonomy ( p = .03), sleep quality ( p = .01), morning stiffness ( p = .0001) –↓ total cholesterol ( p < .003) and urinary Na ( p = .0001) – no significant statistic al differences on depression, ERS and haematocrit |
| [ 21 ] |
UCT
FM patients ( n = 30), (28 female ) |
Raw
vegan diet (raw veg, fruit, whole grains, oilseeds)
7 months (20 adults completed the intervention) |
–Questionnaires: FIQR, SF36, QOL, FFQ |
Comparison before and after the intervention
:
–↓ pain associated with FM ( p < .05) –↑ vitality, mobility, emotional health and general well-being after 7 months ( p < .01) –↑ general quality of life ( p < .05) |
| Monossodium Glutamate and Aspartame-free diet | ||||
| [ 17 ] |
RCT
Diet Group n = 36 FM female patients Age: 42. 3 ± 8.4 years Control Group n = 36 FM female patients Age: 39. 6 ± 8.2 years |
Diet free of monosodium glutamate (G1) VS diet without dietary restrictions (G2, on
waiting
list)
3 months |
–Questionnaire: VAS pain
–Food diary ( 3 months) |
Comparison between groups, before and after the intervention
:
– no significant statistic al differences |
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BMI: Body Mass Index; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; BSQ: Body Shape Questionnaire; CCT: Controlled Clinical Trial; EQ-5D: EuroQol-5Dimension; FFQ: Food Frequency Questionnaire; FIQ: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; FIQR: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised; FSQ: Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; IBS-SSS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Symptom Severity Survey; MPI: Multidimensional Pain Inventory; NCGS: Non Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity; PGI-S: Patient Global Impression Scale Severity; PGI-I: Patient Global Impression Scale Improvement; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QOL: Quality Of Fife Survey; RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; SF-36: Short-Form Healthy Survey; STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory; TP: Tender Points; UCT: Uncontrolled Clinical Trial; VAS: Visual Analogic Scale.