Table 1.
Comparison between the characteristics of the different vaccine formulations
| Features | Injections | Microneedles | Nanovaccines | Oral solutions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of administration | Needle | (Micro)needle | Injection/inhalation | Liquid oral solution |
| Onset | Fast | Fast | Fast | Slow |
| Self-administration | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Storage conditions | Cold chain | Room temperature | Formulation-dependent | Cold chain |
| Pain | Painful | Painless | Painful/Painless | Painless |
| Patient compliance | Poor | Good | Medium | Very good |
| Safety | Poor | Good | Good | Good |
| Usability | Moderate | Good | Moderate/Good | Good |