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Role of butyrate in intestinal homeostasis. Microbial-derived butyrate is a fuel source for intestinal epithelial cells and promotes barrier through gene regulation (MCT1, monocarboxylate transporter isoform 1; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; AJC, apical junction complex; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; TFs, transcription factors)
