Table 2.
Associations of GDM status, socio-demographic characteristics, pregnancy characteristics, and child characteristics during infancy with DNA methylation age acceleration
| DNA methylation age acceleration |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horvath |
Hannum |
||||||||
| Unadjusted |
Adjusteda | Unadjusted |
Adjusteda |
||||||
| Characteristic | Categories | Coef (SE) | p-value | Coef (SE) | p-value | Coef (SE) | p-value | Coef (SE) | p-value |
| GDM status | GDM Non-GDM |
0.61 (0.09) Ref. |
<0.0001- | 0.41 (0.11) Ref. |
0.0002- | 1.40 (0.22) Ref. |
<0.0001- | 0.76 (0.20) Ref. |
0.0001- |
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | - | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.15 | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.80 | ||||
| Maternal education level | Secondary school Senior HS (<13) Bachelor (13–16) Master (≥16) |
−0.13 (0.40) 0.24 (0.14) 0.13 (0.15) Ref |
0.74 0.08 0.39- |
0.20 (0.96) 0.66 (0.33) -0.30 (0.37) Ref. |
0.84 0.04 0.42- |
||||
| Family income class (yuan/RMB) | <5000 5000–8000 ≥8000 |
0.15 (0.13) 0.14 (0.11) Ref. |
0.28 0.20- |
0.59 (0.32) 0.44 (0.29) Ref. |
0.07 0.10- |
||||
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | - | −0.002 (0.007) | 0.84 | 0.001 (0.02) | 0.94 | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | - | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.002 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.50 | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.32 | ||
| Drinking status during pregnancy | Yes No |
0.03 (0.11) Ref. |
0.78- | −0.21 (0.25) Ref. |
0.41- | ||||
| Sex | Male Female |
0.41 (0.09) Ref. |
<0.001- | 0.20 (0.26) Ref. |
0.46- | 0.23 (0.22) Ref. |
0.30- | ||
| Mode of delivery | Vaginal C-Section |
|
0.90- | −0.34 (0.25) Ref. |
0.18- | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | - | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.76 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.09 | ||||
aAdjusted for covariates with p < 0.05 in unadjusted analysis, estimated cell-type proportions, and 16 PCs to control for technical bias